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HAH KOSONG
== Geografi ==
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| image1=Indian Ocean surface.jpg
| caption1 = The ocean-floor of the Indian Ocean is divided by spreading ridges and crisscrossed by aseismic structures
| image2 = Blue Marble Eastern Hemisphere.jpg
| caption2 = Citra satelit komposit dengan Samudra Hindia di bagian tengah gambar}}
===Extent and data===
The [[Borders of the oceans#Indian Ocean|borders of the Indian Ocean]], as delineated by the [[International Hydrographic Organization]] in 1953 included the [[Southern Ocean]] but not the marginal seas along the northern rim, but in 2000 the IHO delimited the Southern Ocean separately, which removed waters south of 60°S from the Indian Ocean but included the northern marginal seas.
<ref>{{Harvnb|IHO 1953}}</ref><ref name="IHO-2002">{{Harvnb|IHO 2002}}</ref> [[Meridional]]ly, the Indian Ocean is delimited from the [[Atlantic Ocean]] by the [[20th meridian east|20° east meridian]], running south from [[Cape Agulhas]], and from the [[Pacific Ocean]] by the meridian of 146°49'E, running south from the southernmost point of [[Tasmania]]. The northernmost extent of the Indian Ocean (including marginal seas) is approximately [[30th parallel north|30° north]] in the [[Persian Gulf]].<ref name="IHO-2002" /><!-- Fig. 1, p. 5-2 -->
The Indian Ocean covers {{Convert|70560000|km2|abbr=on}}, including the [[Red Sea]] and the Persian Gulf but excluding the Southern Ocean, or 19.5% of the world's oceans; its volume is {{Convert|264000000|km3|abbr=on}} or 19.8% of the world's oceans' volume; it has an average depth of {{Convert|3741|m|abbr=on}} and a maximum depth of {{Convert|7906|m|abbr=on}}.<ref name="NOAA-volume" />
All of the Indian Ocean is in the [[Eastern Hemisphere]] and the centre of the Eastern Hemisphere, the [[90th meridian east]], passes through the [[Ninety East Ridge]].
===Coasts and shelves===
In contrast to the Atlantic and Pacific, the Indian Ocean is enclosed by major landmasses and an archipelago on three sides and does not stretch from pole to pole, and can be likened to an embayed ocean. It is centered on the Indian Peninsula. Although this subcontinent has played a significant role in its history, the Indian Ocean has foremostly been a cosmopolitan stage, interlinking diverse regions by innovations, trade, and religion since early in human history.<ref name="Prange-2008-p1382" />
The [[active margin]]s of the Indian Ocean have an average depth (land to shelf break) of {{Convert|19|+/-|0.61|km|abbr=on}} with a maximum depth of {{Convert|175|km|abbr=on}}. The [[passive margin]]s have an average depth of {{Convert|47.6|+/-|0.8|km|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Harvnb|Harris|Macmillan-Lawler|Rupp|Baker|2014|loc=Table 2, p. 11}}</ref>
The average width of the [[Continental slope|slopes]] of the continental shelves are {{Convert|50.4|-|52.4|km|abbr=on}} for active and passive margins respectively, with a maximum depth of {{Convert|205.3|-|255.2|km|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Harvnb|Harris|Macmillan-Lawler|Rupp|Baker|2014|loc=Table 3, p. 11}}</ref>
Australia, Indonesia, and India are the three countries with the longest shorelines and [[exclusive economic zone]]s. The continental shelf makes up 15% of the Indian Ocean.
More than two billion people live in countries bordering the Indian Ocean, compared to 1.7 billion for the Atlantic and 2.7 billion for the Pacific (some countries border more than one ocean).<ref name="KeeIrv-2005" />
====Rivers====
The Indian Ocean [[drainage basin]] covers {{Convert|21100000|km2|abbr=on}}, virtually identical to that of the Pacific Ocean and half that of the Atlantic basin, or 30% of its ocean surface (compared to 15% for the Pacific). The Indian Ocean drainage basin is divided into roughly 800 individual basins, half that of the Pacific, of which 50% are located in Asia, 30% in Africa, and 20% in Australasia. The rivers of the Indian Ocean are shorter in average ({{Convert|740|km|abbr=on}}) than those of the other major oceans. The largest rivers are ([[Strahler number|order 5]]) the [[Zambezi]], [[Ganges River|Ganges]]-[[Brahmaputra]], [[Indus River|Indus]], [[Jubba River|Jubba]], and [[Murray River|Murray]] rivers and (order 4) the [[Shatt al-Arab]], [[Wadi Ad Dawasir]] (a dried-out river system on the Arabian Peninsula) and [[Limpopo River|Limpopo]] rivers.<ref>{{Harvnb|Vörösmarty|Fekete|Meybeck|Lammers|2000|loc=Drainage basin area of each ocean, pp. 609–616; Table 5, p 614; Reconciling Continental and Oceanic Perspectives, pp. 616–617}}</ref>
===Marginal seas===
[[Marginal seas]], gulfs, bays and straits of the Indian Ocean include:<ref name="IHO-2002" />
Along the east coast of Africa, the [[Mozambique Channel]] separates Madagascar from mainland Africa, while the [[Sea of Zanj]] is located north of Madagascar.
On the northern coast of the [[Arabian Sea]], [[Gulf of Aden]] is connected to the [[Red Sea]] by the strait of [[Bab-el-Mandeb]]. In the Gulf of Aden, the [[Gulf of Tadjoura]] is located in Djibouti and the [[Guardafui Channel]] separates Socotra island from the Horn of Africa. The northern end of the Red Sea terminates in the [[Gulf of Aqaba]] and [[Gulf of Suez]]. The Indian Ocean is artificially connected to the [[Mediterranean Sea]] without ship lock through the [[Suez Canal]], which is accessible via the Red Sea.
The Arabian Sea is connected to the [[Persian Gulf]] by the [[Gulf of Oman]] and the [[Strait of Hormuz]]. In the Persian Gulf, the [[Gulf of Bahrain]] separates Qatar from the Arabic Peninsula.
Along the west coast of India, the [[Gulf of Kutch]] and [[Gulf of Khambat]] are located in Gujarat in the northern end while the [[Laccadive Sea]] separates the Maldives from the southern tip of India.
The [[Bay of Bengal]] is off the east coast of India. The [[Gulf of Mannar]] and the [[Palk Strait]] separates Sri Lanka from India, while the [[Adam's Bridge]] separates the two. The [[Andaman Sea]] is located between the Bay of Bengal and the Andaman Islands.
In Indonesia, the so-called [[Geology of Indonesia#Indonesian Seaway|Indonesian Seaway]] is composed of the [[Malacca Strait|Malacca]], [[Sunda Strait|Sunda]] and [[Torres Strait]]s.
The [[Gulf of Carpentaria]] of located on the Australian north coast while the [[Great Australian Bight]] constitutes a large part of its southern coast.<ref>https://www.livescience.com/29533-the-worlds-biggest-oceans-and-seas.html</ref><ref>https://www.worldatlas.com/</ref><ref>http://listofseas.com/</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=28em}}
# [[Arabian Sea]] - 3.862 million km<sup>2</sup>
# [[Bay of Bengal]] - 2.172 million km<sup>2</sup>
# [[Andaman Sea]] - 797,700 km<sup>2</sup>
# [[Laccadive Sea]] - 786,000 km<sup>2</sup>
# [[Mozambique Channel]] - 700,000 km<sup>2</sup>
# [[Timor Sea]] - 610,000 km<sup>2</sup>
# [[Red Sea]] - 438,000 km<sup>2</sup>
# [[Gulf of Aden]] - 410,000 km<sup>2</sup>
# [[Persian Gulf]] - 251,000 km<sup>2</sup>
# [[Flores Sea]] - 240,000 km<sup>2</sup>
# [[Molucca Sea]] - 200,000 km<sup>2</sup>
# [[Oman Sea]] - 181,000 km<sup>2</sup>
# [[Great Australian Bight]] - 45,926 km<sup>2</sup>
# [[Gulf of Aqaba]] - 239 km<sup>2</sup>
# [[Gulf of Khambhat]]
# [[Gulf of Kutch]]
# [[Gulf of Suez]]
{{div col end}}
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