Berkeley, California: Perbedaan antara revisi
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Berkeley's slow growth ended abruptly with the [[1906 San Francisco Earthquake|Great San Francisco Earthquake of 1906]]. The city and other parts of the East Bay somehow managed to escape even moderate damage from the massive temblor, and hundreds if not thousands of refugees flowed across the Bay. Rapid growth continued right up to the [[Crash of 1929]]. The [[Great Depression]] hit Berkeley hard, but not as hard as many other places in the U.S. thanks in part to the University.
The next big growth occurred with the advent of [[World War II]] when large numbers of people moved into the Bay Area to work in the many war industries. One who moved out, but played a big role in the outcome of the War was U.C. Professor and Berkeley resident [[J. Robert Oppenheimer]].
The postwar years saw moderate growth of the City, but events on the U.C. campus began to build up to the recognizeable activism of the sixties. In the 1950's, [[McCarthyism]] induced the University to demand a loyalty oath from its professors, many of whom refused to sign any such oath on the principle of freedom of thought. In 1960, a U.S. House committee ([[HUAC]]) came to San Francisco to investigate the influence of communists in the Bay Area. Their inquisition was met by protestors, including many from the University. Meanwhile, a number of U.C. students became active in support of the [[Civil Rights Movement]]. Finally, the University in [[1964]] provoked a massive student protest by banning the distribution of political literature on campus. This protest became known as the [[Free Speech Movement]]. As the [[Vietnam War]] rapidly escalated in the ensuing years, so did student activism
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[[Berkas:CAMap-doton-Berkeley.png|ka|Lokasi Berkeley, California]] Berkeley terletak pada koordinat 37°52'18" Utara, 122°16'29" Barat (37.871775, -122.274603){{GR|1}}.
Menurut [[Biro Sensus AS]], kota ini memiliki luas total 17.7 [[mil persegi|mi²]] (45.9 [[kilometer persegi|km²]]). 10.5
Berkeley dikelilingi oleh kota Albany, Oakland, dan Emeryville, serta Contra Costa County, Kensington, dan San Francisco Bay.
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===Transportation past===
The first commuter service to San Francisco was provided by the [[Central Pacific]]'s Berkeley Branch Railroad, a standard gauge [[steam railroad]] which ran from the Oakland ferry pier ([[Oakland Long Wharf]]) to downtown Berkeley starting in 1876. This line was extended from Shattuck and University to Vine Street ("Berryman's Station") in 1878. In the 1880's, [[Southern Pacific]] assumed operations of the Berkeley Branch. In [[1911]], Southern Pacific electrified this line and the several others it constructed in Berkeley, creating its [[East Bay Electric Lines]] division. The huge and heavy cars specially built for these lines came to be called the "Big Red Trains". The Shattuck line was extended and connected with two other Berkeley lines (the Ninth Street Line and the California Street line) at Solano and Colusa (the "Colusa Wye"). It was at this time that the Northbrae Tunnel and the Rose Street Undercrossing were constructed, both of which still exist. The last Red Trains ran in 1941.
The first electric rail service in Berkeley was provided by several small [[streetcar]] companies starting in the late 1800's. Most of these were eventually bought up by the [[Key System]] of [["Borax" Smith]] who added lines and improved equipment. The Key System's streetcars were operated by its East Bay Street Railways division. Principal lines in Berkeley ran on Euclid, The Arlington, College, Telegraph, Shattuck, and Grove (today's Martin Luther King Jr. Way). The last streetcars ran in [[1948]].
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===Bicycle and Pedestrian Paths===
*[[Ohlone Greenway]]
*[[San Francisco Bay Trail]]
*I-80 Bridge - opened in 2002, a green, arch-suspension bridge spanning Interstate 80, for bikes and pedestrians only, giving access from the city at the foot of Addison Street to the San Francisco Bay Trail and the Berkeley Marina.
*Berkeley's Network of Historic Pathways - Berkeley has a network of charming and historic pathways that link the winding neighborhoods found in the hills. If you have the stamina, you can look out over the panoramic landscape that makes the East Bay so unique. Some sets of stairs are quite challenging, and are falling prey to time and weather, so use caution when picking a path. You can find a complete guide to the pathways at [http://www.berkeleypaths.org/paths/stories/discover.htm Berkeley Path Wanderers Association]
=== Neighborhoods ===
While Berkeley is a relatively small city, a number of distinct neighborhoods have developed.
Surrounding the [[University of California, Berkeley Campus Architecture|University of California campus]] are the most densely populated parts of the city. West of the campus is [[Downtown Berkeley, California|Downtown Berkeley]], the city's traditional commercial core; home of the [[civic center]], the city's only public [[Berkeley High School (California)|high school]], the busiest [[Downtown Berkeley Station|BART station]] in Berkeley, as well as a major transfer point for [[AC Transit]] buses. South of the campus is the [[Southside, Berkeley, California|Southside]] neighborhood, mainly a [[student ghetto]], where much of the university's [[UC Berkeley student housing|student housing]] is located. The busiest stretch of Telegraph Avenue is in this neighborhood. North of the campus is the quieter [[Northside, Berkeley, California|Northside]] neighborhood, the location of the [[Graduate Theological Union]].
Further from the university campus, the influence of the University quickly becomes less visible. Most of Berkeley's neighborhoods are primarily made up of detached houses, often with separate [[in-law unit]]s in the rear, although larger apartment buildings are also common in many neighborhoods. Commercial activities are concentrated along the major avenues and at important intersections. In the southeastern corner of the city is the [[Claremont, Oakland/Berkeley, California|Claremont District]], home to the [[Claremont Hotel]]; and the [[Elmwood, Berkeley, California|Elmwood District]], with a small shopping area on College Avenue. West of Elmwood is [[South Berkeley, Berkeley, California|South Berkeley]], known for its weekend [[flea market]] at the [[Ashby Station|Ashby BART station]]. West of (and including) San Pablo Avenue is [[West Berkeley, Berkeley, California|West Berkeley]], the former unincorporated town of [[Ocean View, Berkeley, California|Ocean View]]. West Berkeley contains the remnants of Berkeley's industrial area, much of which has been replaced by retail and office uses with the decline of manufacturing in the United States. North of Downtown is the [[North Berkeley, Berkeley, California|North Berkeley]] neighborhood, which has been nicknamed the "Gourmet Ghetto" because of the concentration of well known restaurants and other food-related businesses. Further north are [[Northbrae, Berkeley, California|Northbrae]], a master-planned subdivision from the early 20th Century, and [[Thousand Oaks, Berkeley, California|Thousand Oaks]]. Above these last three neighborhoods, in the northeastern part of Berkeley, is the [[Berkeley Hills, Berkeley, California|Berkeley Hills]]. The neighborhoods of the Berkeley Hills such as [[Cragmont, Berkeley|Cragmont]] and [[La Loma Park]] are notable for their dramatic views, winding streets, and numerous public stairways and paths.
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[http://www.cityofberkeley.info/mayor/ Kantor wali kota Kota Berkeley]
* [[Tom Bates]], Wali kota Berkeley (terpilih 2002), menikah dengan Anggota Dewan Perwakilan California dan bekas wali kota Berkeley Loni Hancock
* '''Wali kota sebelumnya'''
** Wallace Johnson (Republik) 1963-1971
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==Trivia==
*Due to the generally liberal to radical views of the Berkeley public, the city is sometimes mockingly referred to as the People's Republic of Berkeley (and have led some to deride it as "Berzerkley"). This reputation, along with its generally temperate weather, high rates of tourism, and large student population have attracted large populations of [[transient]] people, many of whom are [[homeless]]. As a result, and because of the city's proximity to high-poverty areas in neighboring [[Oakland, California]], crime rates per capita are often among the top in the state.
*Berkeley has an element named for it: [[berkelium]]. The element was first synthesized in 1949 at what was then called the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory ("Rad Lab") of the University of California, Berkeley.
▲*Berkeley has an element named for it: [[berkelium]]. The element was first synthesized in 1949 at what was then called the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory ("Rad Lab") of the University of California, Berkeley.
*In [[1986]] Berkeley officially became a [[Nuclear Free Zone]] after a local vote, disallowing the operation of [[nuclear reactor]]s within city limits and preventing work from being done on [[nuclear weapon]]s within its borders. This is somewhat ironic, given Berkeley's past: the [[University of California, Berkeley|UC Berkeley]] played a major role in the development of nuclear weapons in the [[Manhattan Project]], and a nuclear research center, [[Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory]], is located in the hills above the city. Street signs posted at the city borders declaring its Nuclear Free Zone status are the most noticeable effect of the measure. The University once housed a small research [[nuclear reactor|reactor]], which was decommissioned in the 1990s, though the University denies that this had anything to do with the Act.
* Berkeley celebrates "Indigenous People's Day" rather than [[Columbus Day]].
*In 1989, Berkeley banned the use of [[polystyrene]] packaging for keeping [[McDonald's]] hamburgers warm. This was one of the earliest events in the [[Plastic recycling|plastics]] [[recycling]] movement in the U.S.
*Before he served as a general in the [[American Civil War]], [[William Tecumseh Sherman]] owned tracts of land in Berkeley, although he did not reside here.
*Berkeley's police department, under its first chief [[August Vollmer]] early in the 20th century, was the first in the U.S. to require that officers have a college degree. This department developed the [[lie detector]] test, and was one of the first to use fingerprints and radios. In [[1973]], Berkeley's city council enacted its well-known Berkeley [[Marijuana]] Initiative. The act ordered Berkeley police to make "no arrests and issue no citations for violations of marijuana laws."
*The City of Berkeley is home to a number of well-known artists, architects, composers, writers and thinkers: [[Fritjof Capra]], [[Susan Griffin]], [[Christopher Alexander]], [[Rita Moreno]], [[Michael Parenti]], [[Michael Lerner]], [[Michael Chabon]], and others. The city also has more independent publishers per capita than any other city in the country, and more bookstores per capita. Additionally, many famous bands have originated in Berkeley, including [[Operation Ivy (band)|Operation Ivy]] and [[Green Day]]. Berkeley, being one of the birthplaces of underground and independent comics, is also noted as a haven for cartoonists, including [[Dan Clowes]] and [[Adrian Tomine]].
*Berkeley has become known as a [[gourmet food]] center. There are a number of specialty food shops and restaurants, such as the [http://www.berkeleybowl.com/ Berkeley Bowl Supermarket], the [[Chez Panisse]] restaurant, regarded as the birthplace of [[California cuisine]]. Its proprietor, [[Alice Waters]], has been called "the mother of American cooking." Among the shops, [http://cheeseboardcollective.coop/ The Cheese Board Collective] is a well-known, cooperatively-run bakery and cheese shop.
*Since the [[1970s]], the [[Bay Area Rapid Transit]] system (BART), a [[metro]] train system, has linked Berkeley to [[San Francisco, California|San Francisco]] and the other cities of the Bay Area. Berkeley has nevertheless maintained its own character. Originally the planners of BART proposed an above-ground route through Berkeley, but Berkeley residents voted for a subway instead, whose extra cost was funded by a [[bond]] issue. Consequently, BART runs entirely underground through Berkeley, but above ground in the neighboring city of [[Albany, California|Albany]].
*The city is also the birthplace of the nation's first community funded radio station, [[KPFA]], the flagship station of the [[Pacifica Network]].
*Fewer people live in Berkeley today than did 55 years ago. Few other cities in the western United States can make this claim.
*[[Dick Leonard]], the “father of modern rock climbing,” and noted environmentalist [[David Brower]], founder of [[Friends of the Earth]], learned rock climbing and developed their mountaineering techniques at [[Indian Rock Park]] in Berkeley. Brower used this special knowledge to prepare training manuals during World War II.
▲*[[Dick Leonard]], the “father of modern rock climbing,” and noted environmentalist [[David Brower]], founder of [[Friends of the Earth]], learned rock climbing and developed their mountaineering techniques at [[Indian Rock Park]] in Berkeley. Brower used this special knowledge to prepare training manuals during World War II.
*In [[1966]], the first [[Peet's Coffee]] opened in Berkeley, at the corner of Vine and Walnut. -->
== Referensi ==
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== Pranala luar ==
{{commons}}
* [http://www.ci.berkeley.ca.us/ Official Government Website]
* [http://www.cityofberkeley.info/ City Of Berkeley, California]
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