Ketuanan Melayu: Perbedaan antara revisi
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Pada konvensi UMNO Johor bulan yang sama, Menteri Besar Johor [[Abdul Ghani Othman]] mengkritik kebijakan Bangsa Malaysia dan meritokrasi. Ghani menggambarkan Bangsa Malaysia sebagai ancaman bagi orang Melayu dan posisi Konstitusional mereka, menunjukkan hal itu dapat "mengancam stabilitas nasional" juga. Ghani bersikeras bahwa kebijakan tersebut "diterapkan dalam konteks ... dengan orang Melayu sebagai ras terpenting", dan menggambarkan meritokrasi sebagai "bentuk diskriminasi dan penindasan" karena pelajar Melayu pedesaan tidak dapat bersaing dengan siswa perkotaan mereka. Dalam kontroversi yang timbul tentang pernyataannya, beberapa menteri federal mengkritik Ghani, dengan satu mengatakan bahwa Bangsa Malaysia "tidak ada hubungannya dengan satu ras yang diberi peran penting atas yang lain", dan yang lain berpendapat bahwa "Itu tidak melanggar hak-hak Bumiputeras. atau komunitas lain."<ref>"'Rejection of concept affects integration efforts'", p. 7. (7 November 2006). ''New Straits Times''.</ref> Ghani mendukung komentarnya, menyatakan bahwa pendukung Bangsa Malaysia juga mendukung" Malaysia Malaysia ", seperti yang dilakukan Lee Kuan Yew, meskipun" pemerintah telah menolaknya sejak awal. " Najib, Wakil Perdana Menteri, menyarankan bahwa segala upaya untuk mendefinisikan Bangsa Malaysia secara politis tidak akan membuahkan hasil, dan karena itu perdebatan tidak perlu; ia juga menegaskan bahwa "Tidak mempersoalkan hak-hak khusus orang Melayu, kuota kami atau semacamnya."<ref>Nambiar, Ravi & Nadzmi, Siti Nurbaiyah (7 November 2006). "No Bangsa Malaysia in Constitution, says Najib", p. 6. ''New Straits Times''.</ref><ref>Tan, Marsha, Teh, Eng Hock, Vijayan, Meera & Zolkepli, Farik (7 November 2006). [http://www.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2006/11/7/nation/15939803&sec=nation&focus=1 Bangsa Malaysia in mind] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070325115212/http://www.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2006%2F11%2F7%2Fnation%2F15939803&sec=nation&focus=1 |date=25 March 2007 }}. ''The Star''.</ref>
===Political watershed===
Pada pemilihan umum 2008, BN kembali berkuasa untuk pertama kalinya tanpa mayoritas mayoritas di Dewan Rakyat, yang berarti BN tidak bisa lagi mengesahkan amandemen konstitusi tanpa dukungan partai oposisi. Hasil pemilu secara luas dipandang sebagai cerminan ketidakpuasan tentang keadaan ekonomi negara dan meningkatnya ketegangan etnis di dalam negeri; tiga partai oposisi utama telah berkampanye pada platform yang mengutuk NEP dan tanggapan pemerintah terhadap kesenjangan ekonomi yang semakin lebar. Sebulan setelahnya, Putra Mahkota Kelantan Tengku Faris Petra mengatakan dalam pertemuan yang diselenggarakan oleh Front Aksi Persatuan Melayu yang baru dibentuk bahwa sejak orang Melayu menyerah pada pemberian kewarganegaraan non-Melayu, yang terakhir tidak boleh mencari persamaan atau perlakuan khusus.<ref>{{Cite news| first=Andrew | last=Ong | title=Tengku Faris: Non-Malays should not seek equality | date=12 April 2008 | publisher=[[Malaysiakini]] | url=http://www.malaysiakini.com/news/81279 | work=Malaysiakini | access-date=13 April 2008 }}</ref> Dalam pidatonya, pangeran juga menyerukan persatuan Melayu untuk memastikan bahwa kedaulatan dan supremasi Melayu tetap terjaga.<ref>{{Cite news|title=TENGKU MAHKOTA OF KELANTAN CALLS FOR MALAY UNITY |date=13 April 2008 |publisher=Yahoo! Malaysia News |url=http://malaysia.news.yahoo.com/bnm/20080412/tts-malays-unity-bm-993ba14_1.html |work=Bernama |access-date=13 April 2008 }}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
[[Anwar Ibrahim]], former UMNO deputy President and former Deputy Prime Minister, whose [[Parti Keadilan Rakyat]] became the second-largest party in Parliament after the elections, and the ''de facto'' leader of the opposition [[Pakatan Rakyat]] coalition, chose to instead reject ''ketuanan Melayu'' in favour of "''ketuanan rakyat''" (people's supremacy). Celebrating the end of his five-year ban from political activity on 15 April 2008, he told reporters: "We are here to counter the massive propaganda campaign by Umno leaders, who are talking on Malay supremacy. And giving clear definitive answer in reply of this, to say that what we want, what we desire for is a new Malaysia, is supremacy for all Malaysians."<ref>{{Cite news | first=Azreen | last=Madzlan | title=Kampung Baru hails 'Ketuanan Rakyat' | date=15 April 2008 | url=http://malaysiakini.com/news/81390 | work=Malaysiakini | access-date=15 April 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080420040914/http://www.malaysiakini.com./news/81390 | archive-date=20 April 2008 | url-status=dead | df=dmy-all }}</ref> A week later, his wife [[Wan Azizah Wan Ismail]], president of PKR, told the press that "we should not keep talking about Malay supremacy or marginalising a certain race, which is not what the people want to see," urging instead the adoption of ''ketuanan rakyat''.<ref>{{Cite news|first=See Hoh` |last=Kong |title=PKR to champion for 'Ketuanan Rakyat' |date=24 April 2008 |url=http://www.sun2surf.com/article.cfm?id=21746 |work=The Sun |access-date=24 April 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208022550/http://www.sun2surf.com/article.cfm?id=21746 |archive-date= 8 December 2008 |df=dmy }}</ref>
Not long thereafter, Hishammuddin himself apologised for his brandishing of the ''keris'' at the three previous UMNO annual general assemblies, saying he was sorry "if it had affected the non-Malays". He refused to comment on whether he would repeat the act in the future.<ref>{{Cite news | first=Kok Leong | last=Chan | title=Hisham apologises for keris act | date=25 April 2008 | url=http://malaysiakini.com/news/81956 | work=Malaysiakini | access-date=29 April 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516085007/http://malaysiakini.com/news/81956 | archive-date=16 May 2008 | url-status=dead | df=dmy-all }}</ref> His conditional apology was met with heavy criticism from within UMNO; one media outlet described the reaction as such: "The sentiment among many in the party is that the Chinese and Indians betrayed the BN when they voted for Pakatan Rakyat. There is hurt. There is anger. So why should Hishammuddin be too concerned about what non-Malays think of the keris act?" Many felt that the apology itself threatened Malay supremacy.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Keris apology fans unrest in divided Umno |date=28 April 2008 |url=http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/Keris-apology-fans-unrest-in-divided-Umno/ |work=The Malaysian Insider |access-date=29 April 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603065331/http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/Keris-apology-fans-unrest-in-divided-Umno/ |archive-date=3 June 2013 |df=dmy }}</ref> Abdullah welcomed the apology, saying it was brave and "made it clear to the non-Malays the important role the keris had in the Malay community".<ref>{{Cite news|title=Keris apology fans unrest in divided Umno Let's put keris issue to rest, says PM |date=29 April 2008 |url=http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/litee/malaysia/article/Lets-put-keris-issue-to-rest-says-PM/ |work=The Malaysian Insider |access-date=29 April 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603041808/http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/litee/malaysia/article/Lets-put-keris-issue-to-rest-says-PM/ |archive-date=3 June 2013 |df=dmy }}</ref> In response to questions about the diminishing of Malay supremacy post-elections, he said that it was more about parity for the Bumiputra communities, rejecting the notion of political dominance:
{{blockquote|So when we talk about (Malay supremacy), we mean we must be successful in many fields. It is never about ruling over others, or forcing our power upon them... We are not going to be a race that dominates others. We want to be a party that represents the Malays and that is ready to co-operate for the future of Malays and the people, as Malays will also succeed when all Malaysians are successful. ... That is Malay supremacy and I hope people will understand it.<ref>{{Cite news|first=Jane |last=Ritikos |author2=Manjit Kaur |title=Pak Lah explains meaning of 'ketuanan Melayu' |date=29 April 2008 |url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2008/4/29/nation/21094851&sec=nation |work=The Star |access-date=30 April 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080501051023/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2008%2F4%2F29%2Fnation%2F21094851&sec=nation |archive-date= 1 May 2008 |df=dmy }}</ref>}}
Shortly thereafter, Information Minister [[Ahmad Shabery Cheek]] insisted that ''ketuanan Melayu'' did not imply a master-slave relationship in any sense between the Malays and non-Malays. Instead, he suggested, it referred to the institution of the Malay monarchs, who had once been the "masters", but gave up their primacy when the Federal Constitution was adopted at independence. Shabery cited Article 182 of the Constitution, which grants the royalty certain legal immunities, as an example of Malay supremacy.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Don't bring politics into Malay supremacy issue, says Ahmad Shabery |date=9 May 2008 |url=http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/litee/malaysia/article/Dont-bring-politics-into-Malay-supremacy-issue-says-Ahmad-Shabery/ |work=The Malaysian Insider |access-date=10 May 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603050822/http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/litee/malaysia/article/Dont-bring-politics-into-Malay-supremacy-issue-says-Ahmad-Shabery/ |archive-date=3 June 2013 |df=dmy }}</ref> However, some prominent members of the royalty such as the [[Raja of Perlis]] and former [[Yang di-Pertuan Agong]] [[Tuanku Syed Sirajuddin Putra Syed Jamalullail]] have themselves been critical of ''ketuanan Melayu''; in early 2009, the Raja stated that "In Malaysia, every race is ''tuan'' [master]... I believe that if everyone understands that every individual of any race, should not be deprived of their rights, then the efforts of certain parties who think that the supremacy or rights should only be given to a particular race can be stopped."<ref>{{Cite news| title=Equal rights for all Malaysians, says Perlis ruler | date=6 March 2009 | url=http://www.malaysia-today.net/equal-rights-for-all-malaysians-says-perlis-ruler/ | work =New Straits Times | access-date =6 March 2009}}</ref>
In late 2009, the Cabinet decided to change the curriculum of [[Biro Tata Negara]] (National Civics Bureau, or BTN) programmes, which are mandatory for public servants and students studying on public funds. Many, especially politicians from Pakatan Rakyat, had previously criticised BTN programmes as propaganda for ''ketuanan Melayu''; citing this, the [[Selangor]] state government banned its civil servants and students from attending BTN courses.<ref name='nazri dr m'>{{Cite news|first=Asrul Hadi |last=Abdullah Sani |title=Nazri calls Dr M a racist for defending BTN |date=7 December 2009 |url=http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/index.php/malaysia/45724-nazri-calls-dr-m-a-racist-for-defending-btn |work=The Malaysian Insider |access-date=7 December 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212223732/http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/index.php/malaysia/45724-nazri-calls-dr-m-a-racist-for-defending-btn |archive-date=12 December 2009 |df=dmy }}</ref> Some Ministers and former Prime Minister Mahathir defended BTN as necessary to imbue participants with the values of discipline and honesty, denying they had anything to do with ''ketuanan Melayu''.<ref>{{Cite news|first=Shazwan |last=Mustafa Kamal |title=Dr M says criticisms against BTN an 'exaggeration' |date=7 December 2009 |url=http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/index.php/malaysia/45729-dr-m-says-criticisms-against-btn-an-exaggeration- |work=The Malaysian Insider |access-date=7 December 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212223735/http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/index.php/malaysia/45729-dr-m-says-criticisms-against-btn-an-exaggeration- |archive-date=12 December 2009 |df=dmy }}</ref> Minister in the Prime Minister's Department [[Nazri Aziz]] insisted the Cabinet was right to demand a change in BTN, calling Mahathir a racist and saying:
{{blockquote|They all know what the syllabus is all about so who are we to say that it did not happen? You want to lie? You make people laugh. I mean there are people who attended the courses who came out very angry. There were many instances of the use of words like ''ketuanan Melayu''. It is ridiculous...<ref name='nazri dr m'/>}}
== Pemerintahan Najib ==
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