Gejala Covid-19: Perbedaan antara revisi

Beberapa gejala COVID-19 dapat berupa gejala umum penyakit lain, seperti demam, batuk kering, dan kelelahan.<ref name="who-faq">{{cite web|title=Coronavirus|url=https://www.who.int/health-topics/coronavirus|publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)|access-date=4 May 2020}}</ref><ref name="CDC2020Sym2"><!-- KEEP THIS NAMED REFERENCE -->{{cite web|date=20 MarchMaret 2020|title=Symptoms of Coronavirus|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/symptoms-testing/symptoms.html|website=U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130202038/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/about/symptoms.html|archive-date=3018 JanuaryMaret 20202021|url-status=live}}</ref> Sekitar satu dari lima penderita bergejala mengalami sesak napas. Beberapa gejala seperti kesulitan bernapas, nyeri di dada, kebingungan secara tiba-tiba, kesulitan berjalan, dan wajah atau bibir membiru harus segera mendapat penanganan medis.<ref name="CDC2020Sym2" /> Gejala yang terus berlanjut dapat berakhir pada komplikasi seperti [[pneumonia]], [[sindrom gangguan pernapasan akut]], [[sepsis]], [[syok septik]], dan [[Gagal ginjal akut|gagal ginjal]].

Pada Agustus 2020, ilmuwan dari [[Universitas California Selatan]] melaporkan kemungkinan urutan gejala pada penderita COVID-19, yakni demam yang diikuti oleh batuk dan nyeri sendi atau mual dan muntah yang muncul sebelum diare.<ref name="FI-20200813">{{cite journal|date=13 AugustAgustus 2020|title=Modeling the Onset of Symptoms of COVID-19|journal=Frontiers in Public Health|volume=8|issue=|pages=4735-10|doi=10.3389/fpubh.2020.00473|pmc=7438535|pmid=32903584|vauthors=Larsen JR, Martin MR, Martin JD, Kuhn P, Hicks JB|doi-access=free|s2cid=221105179}}</ref> Urutan ini berbeda dengan urutan gejala yang terjadi pada penderita influenza yang mengalami batuk sebelum demam.<ref name="FI-20200813" />

Sekitar 40%Sejumlah penderita mengalami kehilangan sementara pada indera penciuman (disebut [[anosmia]]), perubahan rasa makanan (''[[dysgeusia]]''), atau gangguan lain pada indera penciuman dan perasa mereka.<ref name="CDC2020Sym" /><ref name=":10" />{{Refpage|1629}} Gejala seperti ini seringkali muncul pada awal penyakit dan paling banyak ditemukan pada penderita usia muda. Meskipun tidak semua penderita COVID-19 mengalami gejala ini, kehilangan indera penciuman dan perasa merupakan gejala yang tidak biasa ditemukan pada penyakit pernapasan lainnya sehingga dapat digunakan untuk deteksi dini COVID-19 berbasis gejala.<ref name=":10">{{cite journal|date=AugustAgustus 2020|title=Smell and Taste Dysfunction in Patients With COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis|journal=Mayo Clinic Proceedings|volume=95|issue=8|pages=1621–1631|doi=10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.05.030|pmc=7275152|pmid=32753137|vauthors=Agyeman AA, Chin KL, Landersdorfer CB, Liew D, Ofori-Asenso R}}</ref>{{Refpage|1621-1622}}

Penderita COVID-19 dapat mengalami gejala neurologis yang melibatkan [[sistem saraf pusat]] (seperti [[sakit kepala]], [[pusing]], penurunan kesadaran, dan disorientasi) dan [[sistem saraf tepi]] (seperti [[anosmia]] dan [[dysgeusia]]).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Payus|first1=Alvin Oliver|last2=Lin|first2=Constance Liew Sat|last3=Noh|first3=Malehah Mohd|last4=Jeffree|first4=Mohammad Saffree|last5=Ali|first5=Raymond Azman|date=2020-08-03|title=SARS-CoV-2 infection of the nervous system: A review of the literature on neurological involvement in novel coronavirus disease-(COVID-19)|url=https://www.bjbms.org/ojs/index.php/bjbms/article/view/4860|journal=Bosnian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences|language=en|volume=20|issue=3|pages=283–292283|doi=10.17305/bjbms.2020.4860|issn=1840-4812|pmc=7416180|pmid=32530389}}</ref> Beberapa penderita juga mengalami gejala berupa kehilangan ingatan, kehilangan konsentrasi, kehilangan fokus, dan disorientasi yang biasa disebut sebagai "{{vanchor|COVID fog}}" atau "COVID brain fog".<ref>{{citation|title=Even Mild Cases Can Cause "COVID-19 Fog"|date=September 21, 2020|publisher=[[Columbia University Irving Medical Center]]|url=https://www.cuimc.columbia.edu/news/even-mild-cases-can-cause-covid-19-fog}}</ref><ref>{{citation|newspaper=The New York Times|title=How Brain Fog Plagues Covid-19 Survivors|author=Pam Belluck|date=October11 11,Oktober 2020|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/11/health/covid-survivors.html|first=Belluck, Pam|access-date=25 Maret 2021}}</ref>

Gejala umum lain yang ditemukan meliputi kelelahan dan [[Mialgia|nyeri pada otot]] dan [[Arthralgia|sendi]].<ref name="CDC2020Sym" /><ref name="autogenerated1" /><ref name="who-faq" /><ref name="CDC2020Sym2" />

Beberapa gejala lain hanya terjadi pada sebagian kecil penderita COVID-19. Beberapa penderita dapat mengalami [[Penyakit pencernaan|gejala pencernaan]] seperti [[Anoreksia (gejala)|kehilangan selera makan]], [[diare]], [[mual]], atau [[muntah]].<ref name="CDC2020Sym" /><ref>{{cite journal|last=Berlin|first=David A|last2=Gulick|first2=Roy M.|last3=Martinez|first3=Fernando J.|date=MayMei 2020|title=Severe Covid-19|url=https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMcp2009575|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|volume=383|issue=25|pages=2451–24602453|doi=10.1056/NEJMcp2009575|pmid=32412710|vauthors=Berlin DA, Gulick RM, Martinez FJ|s2cid=218649520|doi-access=free|veditorss2cid=Solomon CG218649520}}</ref> Beberapa orang lainnya mangalami [[sakit tenggorokan]], [[pusing]], dan [[vertigo]].<ref name="CDC2020Sym" /><ref name="autogenerated1" /><ref name="who{{Rp|6-faq" /><ref name="CDC2020Sym2" />8}} Gejala lain yang lebih jarang ditemukan seperti [[menggigil]],<ref name="CDC2020Sym2" /> [[muntahKonjungtivitis|peradangan darahselaput mata]],<ref name="who-faq">{{cite web|title=Coronavirus|url=https://www.who.int/health-topics/coronavirus|publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)|access-date=4 May 2020}}</ref> [[diare]], dan ruam kulit<ref>{{Cite jugaweb|last=Apollonia|first=Yan ditemukan pada penderitaLing|date=Maret 2020|title=COVID-19.<ref name{{!}} DermNet NZ|url="whohttps://dermnetnz.org/topics/covid-faq" 19/>|website=dermnetnz.org|language=en|access-date=2021-02-27}}</ref> name="CDC2020Sym2"juga />ditemukan pada penderita COVID-19.

Komplikasi dapat berupa [[pneumonia]], [[sindrom gangguan pernapasan akut]] (ARDS), [[sindrom disfungsi multiorgan]], [[syok septik]], hingga kematian.<ref name="Hui14Jan2020StatPearls">{{cite journalbook|display-authorslast=6Cascella|vauthorsfirst=Hui DS, I Azhar E, Madani TA, Ntoumi F, Kock R, Dar O, Ippolito G, Mchugh TD, Memish ZA, Drosten C, Zumla A, Petersen EMarco|datelast2=February 2020Rajnik|titlefirst2=The continuing 2019-nCoV epidemic threat of novel coronaviruses to global health – The latest 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in Wuhan, ChinaMichael|journallast3=International Journal of Infectious DiseasesCuomo|volumefirst3=91Arturo|pageslast4=264–266Dulebohn|doifirst4=10.1016/j.ijid.2020.01Scott C.009|pmclast5=7128332|pmid=31953166|doi-access=free}}</ref><refDi name="auto">{{cite journalNapoli|vauthorsfirst5=Murthy S, Gomersall CD, Fowler RARaffaela|date=March 2020|title=Care for Critically Ill Patients With COVID-19|journal=JAMA|volume=323|issue=15|pages=1499–1500|doi=10.1001/jama.2020.3633|pmid=32159735|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="StatPearls">{{cite book|titlelocation=StatPearls|vauthors=CascellaTreasure M,Island Rajnik M, Cuomo A, Dulebohn SC, Di Napoli R|date=2020(FL)|publisher=StatPearls Publishing|locationpages=Treasure Island (FL)14|chapter=Features, Evaluation and Treatment Coronavirus (COVID-19)|pmid=32150360|access-date=1825 MarchMaret 20202021|chapter-url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554776/|url-status=live}}</ref> Kompilkasi pada sistem kardiovaskular dapat meliputi gagal jantung,<ref name="Heymann Shindo 2020 pp. 542–545222:03">{{cite journal|vauthors=Heymann DL, Shindo N|date=FebruaryJuly 2020|title=Cardiovascular complications in COVID-19:|journal=The whatAmerican isJournal nextof forEmergency public health?|journal=LancetMedicine|volume=39538|issue=102247|pages=542–5451506|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30374-3j.ajem.2020.04.048|pmc=71380157165109|pmid=3206131332317203|collaborationvauthors=WHOLong ScientificB, andBrady TechnicalWJ, AdvisoryKoyfman GroupA, forGottlieb Infectious HazardsM}}</ref> Kompilkasi pada sistem kardiovaskular dapat meliputi gagal jantung, [[aritmia]], [[Miokarditis|inflamasi jantung]], dan penggumpalan darah.<ref name=":03">{{citeCite journal|vauthorslast=Long B, Brady WJ, Koyfman A, Gottlieb MSiripanthong|datefirst=Bhurint|year=July 2020|title=CardiovascularRecognizing complicationsCOVID-19–related inmyocarditis: COVID-19|journal=The Americanpossible Journalpathophysiology ofand Emergencyproposed guideline for Medicinediagnosis and management|journal=Heart Rhythm|volume=3817|issue=79|pages=1504–15071463–1471|doi=10.1016/j.ajemhrthm.2020.0405.048001|pmc=71651097199677|pmid=3231720332387246}}</ref> dan [[Miokarditis|inflamasi jantung]].<ref>{{cite journal|display-authors=6|vauthors=Puntmann VO, Carerj ML, Wieters I, Fahim M, Arendt C, Hoffmann J, Shchendrygina A, Escher F, Vasa-Nicotera M, Zeiher AM, Vehreschild M, Nagel E|date=July 2020|title=Outcomes of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Patients Recently Recovered From Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)|journal=JAMA Cardiology|volume=5|issue=11|pages=1265–1273|doi=10.1001/jamacardio.2020.3557|pmc=7385689|pmid=32730619|lay-url=https://www.statnews.com/2020/07/27/covid19-concerns-about-lasting-heart-damage/|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|display-authors=6|vauthors=Lindner D, Fitzek A, Bräuninger H, Aleshcheva G, Edler C, Meissner K, Scherschel K, Kirchhof P, Escher F, Schultheiss HP, Blankenberg S, Püschel K, Westermann D|date=July 2020|title=Association of Cardiac Infection With SARS-CoV-2 in Confirmed COVID-19 Autopsy Cases|journal=JAMA Cardiology|volume=5|issue=11|pages=1281–1285|doi=10.1001/jamacardio.2020.3551|pmc=7385672|pmid=32730555|lay-url=https://www.statnews.com/2020/07/27/covid19-concerns-about-lasting-heart-damage/|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Siripanthong|first=Bhurint|year=2020|title=Recognizing COVID-19–related myocarditis: The possible pathophysiology and proposed guideline for diagnosis and management|journal=Heart Rhythm|volume=17|issue=9|pages=1463–1471|doi=10.1016/j.hrthm.2020.05.001|pmc=7199677|pmid=32387246}}</ref> Komplikasi neurologis meliputidapat kejang-kejang, [[strok]], [[Radang otak|ensefalitis]], danberupa [[Sindrom Guillain–Barré]] yang dapat disertai hilangnya fungsi motorik.<ref name=":13">{{cite journal|vauthors=Carod-Artal FJ|date=May 2020|title=Neurological complications of coronavirus and COVID-19|journal=Revista de Neurología|volume=70|issue=9|pages=311–322|doi=10.33588/rn.7009.2020179|pmid=32329044}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Toscano|first=Gianpaolo|year=2020|title=Guillain–Barré Syndrome Associated with SARS-CoV-2|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=382|issue=26|pages=2574–2576|doi=10.1056/NEJMc2009191|pmc=7182017|pmid=32302082}}</ref> Anak-anak yang terinfeksi penyakit ini dapat mengalami komplikasi berupa [[Sindrom peradangan multisistem pada anak-anak|sindrom peradangan multisistem]] dengan gejala mirip seperti [[penyakit Kawasaki]] yang dapat berakibat fatal.<ref>{{cite web|date=15 May 2020|title=Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children and adolescents temporally related to COVID-19|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/commentaries/detail/multisystem-inflammatory-syndrome-in-children-and-adolescents-with-covid-19|access-date=20 May 2020|website=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|url=https://emergency.cdc.gov/han/2020/han00432.asp|title=HAN Archive&nbsp;– 00432|date=1514 MayMei 2020|access-date=2025 MayMaret 20202021|publisher=U.S. [[Centers for 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