Stres psikologis: Perbedaan antara revisi

Dalam [[psikologi]], '' "stres" ''adalah [[perasaan]] ketegangan dan tekanan emosional. <ref> {{Cite webnews|date=2013-11-18|title=Stress|url=httpshttp://www.mhanationalmentalhealthamerica.orgnet/conditions/stress|websitework=Mental Health America|language=en|access-date=2021-03-1822}} </ref> Stres adalah salah satu jenis [[penderitaan psikologis]]. Sedikit stres mungkin diinginkan, bermanfaat, dan bahkan menyehatkan. Stres positif membantu meningkatkan kinerja atletik. Ini juga berperan dalam [[motivasi]], adaptasi, dan reaksi terhadap lingkungan. Jumlah stres yang berlebihan, bagaimanapun, dapat menyebabkan [[Stres (biologi) | kerusakan tubuh]]. Stres dapat meningkatkan risiko [[stroke]], [[infark miokard | serangan jantung]], [[ulkus]], dan [[model stres diatesis | penyakit mental]] seperti depresi <ref> {{cite book | last1 = Sapolsky | pertama1 first= Robert M. | penulis-tautan date= Robert Sapolsky 2004| title =Why MengapaZebras ZebraDon't Tidak Menderita MaagGet Ulcers| tanggal location= 2004 | penerbit = St. Martins Press | lokasi = 175 Fifth Ave, New York, NYN.Y.|publisher=St. Martins Press| isbn = 978-0-8050-7369-0 | halaman pages= 37, 71, 92, 271|author-link=Robert Sapolsky|url-status=live|lokasi=175 Fifth Ave, New York, NY}} </ref> dan juga memperburuk kondisi yang sudah ada sebelumnya.

[[Hans Selye]] (1974) mengusulkan empat variasi stres.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Selye|first=Hans|date=1974|url=http://archive.org/details/stresswithoutdis00sely|title=Stress without distress|publisherlocation=Philadelphia,|publisher=J.B. Lippincott Company|isbn=978-0-397-01026-4|otherspages=Internet[https://archive.org/details/stresswithoutdis00sely/page/171 Archive171]|url-status=registration}}</ref> Pada satu sumbu ia menempatkan stres baik (eustress) dan stres buruk (distress). Di sisi lain adalah over-stress (hyperstress) dan understress (hypostress). Selye menganjurkan untuk menyeimbangkan ini: tujuan akhirnya adalah menyeimbangkan hyperstress dan hypostress dengan sempurna dan memiliki sebanyak mungkin eustress.<ref>{{Cite book|last=CooperSelye|first=Cary L.Hans|date=1983|url=http://archive.org/details/stressresearchis00cooprich|title=Stress research :Research issuesIssues for the eightiesEighties|publisherlocation=New York, :NY|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-471-10246-5|otherseditor-last=InternetCooper|editor-first=C. ArchiveL.|pages=[https://archive.org/details/stressresearchis00cooprich/page/1 1–20]|chapter=The Stress Concept: Past, Present and Future|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/stressresearchis00cooprich|url-status=registration}}</ref>

Istilah "eustress" berasal dari akar kata Yunani eu- yang berarti "baik" (seperti dalam "euforia").<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Selye|first=H.|date=1975-10|title=Implications of stress concept|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1059917/|journal=New York State Journal of Medicine|volume=75|issue=12|pages=2139–2145|issn=0028-7628|pmid=1059917}}</ref> Eustress terjadi ketika seseorang melihat stresor sebagai hal yang positif.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Le Fevre|first=Mark|last2=Kolt|first2=Gregory S.|last3=Matheny|first3=Jonathan|date=2006-01-01|title=Eustress, distress and their interpretation in primary and secondary occupational stress management interventions: which way first?|url=https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940610684391|journal=Journal of Managerial Psychology|volume=21|issue=6|pages=547–565|doi=10.1108/02683940610684391|issn=0268-3946}}</ref> "Distress" berasal dari bahasa Latin dis- (seperti dalam "disonansi" atau "ketidaksepakatan").<ref name=":0" /> Kesulitan yang didefinisikan secara medis merupakan ancaman bagi kualitas hidup. Itu terjadi ketika permintaan jauh melebihi kemampuan seseorang.<ref name=":1" /> Stres dapat menyebabkan sakit kepala.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chen|first=Yaniv|date=2009-12-09|title=Advances in the pathophysiology of tension-type headache: From stress to central sensitization|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11916-009-0078-x|journal=Current Pain and Headache Reports|language=en|volume=13|issue=6|pages=484484–494|doi=10.1007/s11916-009-0078-x|issn=1534-3081|pmid=19889292|s2cid=36447117}}</ref>

Manusia modern mungkin mencoba menilai "tingkat stres" mereka sendiri; pihak ketiga (terkadang dokter) juga dapat memberikan evaluasi kualitatif. Pendekatan kuantitatif memberikan hasil yang mungkin berkorelasi dengan stres psikologis yang dirasakan termasuk pengujian untuk satu atau lebih dari beberapa [[hormon stres]],<ref>{{Cite book|last=PhDLundberg|first=Richard Contrada|last2=PhD|first2=Andrew BaumUlf|date=2010-09-29|url=https://books.google.co.idcom/books?id=EXVlk8pnEKIC&redir_esc=y|title=The Handbook of Stress Science: Biology, Psychology, and Health|location=New York|publisher=Springer Publishing Company|isbn=978-0-8261-1771-7|editor-last=Contrada|editor-first=Richard|pages=531|language=en|chapter=Neuroendocrine Measures|quote=[...] epinephrine, norepinephrine, and cortisol are considered the most important 'stress hormones,' although a number of other hormones are also influenced by stress [...].|access-date=2021-03-22|editor-last2=Baum|editor-first2=Andrew|url-status=live}}</ref> untuk respon kardiovaskular,<ref>{{Cite book|last=CohenKrantz|first=SheldonDavid S.|last2=KesslerFalconer|first2=RonaldJennifer CF.|last3=Gordon|first3=Lynn Underwood|date=1997|url=https://books.google.co.idcom/books?id=Xy_r37l0qzIC&redir_esc=y|title=Measuring Stress: A Guide for Health and Social Scientists|location=New York|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-512120-9|editor-last=Cohen|editor-first=Sheldon|editor-link=Sheldon Cohen|edition=revised|series=A project of the Fetzer Institute|publication-date=1997|pages=193–212|language=en|chapter=Measurement of cardiovascular responses|access-date=2021-03-22|editor-last2=Kessler|editor-first2=Ronald C.|editor-link2=Ronald C. Kessler|editor-last3=Underwood Gordon|editor-first3=Lynn|url-status=live}}</ref> atau untuk respon imun.<ref>{{Cite book|last=CohenKiecolt-Glaser|first=SheldonJanice|last2=KesslerGlaser|first2=Ronald C.|last3=Gordon|first3=Lynn Underwood|date=1997|url=https://books.google.co.idcom/books?id=Xy_r37l0qzIC&redir_esc=y|title=Measuring Stress: A Guide for Health and Social Scientists|location=New York|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-512120-9|editor-last=Cohen|editor-first=Sheldon|editor-link=Sheldon Cohen|series=A project of the Fetzer Institute|publication-date=1997|pages=213–230|language=en|chapter=Measurement of immune response|author-link=Janice Kiecolt-Glaser|access-date=2021-03-22|editor-last2=Kessler|editor-first2=Ronald C.|editor-link2=Ronald C. Kessler|editor-last3=Underwood Gordon|editor-first3=Lynn|url-status=live}}</ref>

Sebelum pengenalan konsep "stres" dalam pengertian psikologis c. 1955,<ref>"stres". [[Oxford English Dictionary]] (edisi ke-2). [[Oxford University Press]]. 1989. - "1955 H. Basowitz dkket al. KecemasanAnxiety & StresStress i. 7 Kecemasan telah didefinisikanAnxiety dalamhas istilahbeen defined in terms of an responsaffective afektifresponse; stresstress adalahis kondisithe stimulus yangcondition likely cenderungto membangkitkanarouse responssuch tersebutresponse."</ref><ref>Douglas, Harper. "[https://www.etymonline.com/word/stress stres]".''[[Online Etymology Dictionary]]''. Diakses tanggal 192021-0403-201922. - "stresstress (n.) [...] ArtiThe purely psikologispsychological murnisense dibuktikanis dariattested tahunfrom 1955."</ref> orang telah mengidentifikasi berbagai ide yang lebih bernuansa untuk menggambarkan dan menghadapi [[emosi]] seperti [[kekhawatiran]], [[kesedihan]], perhatian,<ref>{{Cite book|last=HobfollLinn|first=StevanMargaret EW.|date=2014-03-181986|url=https://books.google.co.idcom/books?id=BJYiAwAAQBAJ&redir_esc=y|title=Stress, Social Support, And Women|location=Abingdon|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-317-77060-2|editor-last=Hobfoll|editor-first=Stevan E.|series=Clinical and Community Psychology|publication-date=2014|pages=233|language=en|chapter=Elderly Women's Health and Psychological Adjustment: Life Stressors and Social Support|quote=Although the SRRS identified women with high and low stress, it also appeared limited in covering certain areas of stress currently felt by these women. For example, worry and concern about events that have not happened, or in some cases did happen but were not included on the scale, were common.|access-date=2021-03-22|url-status=live}}</ref> [[obsesi]], [[ketakutan]], [[kejengkelan]], [[kegelisahan]], [[kesusahan]], [[penderitaan]] dan [[semangat]].<ref>Setelah diakui secara luas, "passion" tampaknya berkurang ketika konsep "stres" menjadi populer. Lihat [https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=passion%2Cstress&year_start=1750&year_end=2019&corpus=26&smoothing=3&direct_url=t1%3B%2Cpassion%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2Cstress%3B%2Cc0 penggunaan Ngram untuk dua istilah].</ref> "Stres" kemudian menjadi andalan dalam [[Psikologi popular|psikologi pop]].<ref>Sebagai contoh: {{Cite book|last=Carr|first=Alan|date=2012|url=https://books.google.co.idcom/books?id=u4aDPdw0Fi4C&redir_esc=y|title=Clinical Psychology: An Introduction|location=London|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-68397-5|pages=22|language=en|quote=This stress-induced focus on the self is compounded by exposure to 'pop-psychology' advice to use selffocused stress management techniques during interviews.|access-date=2021-03-21|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Cohen|first=Lisa J.|date=2011-01-01|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=7MYDiuupuhYC&redir_esc=y|title=The Handy Psychology Answer Book|location=Detroit|publisher=Visible Ink Press|isbn=978-1-57859-354-5|pages=401|language=en|quote=Popular or ''pop psychology'' is aimed at a popular audience and communicated through the mass media. It addresses topics related to psychology—such as romantic relationships, stress management, child rearing, and sexuality [...]|access-date=2021-03-22|url-status=live}}</ref>