Pestisida: Perbedaan antara revisi
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8 |
Rescuing 5 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8 |
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== Sejarah ==
Sebelum tahun 2000 SM, manusia telah menggunakan pestisida untuk melindungi tanaman pertanian. Pestisida pertama berupa [[sulfur]] dalam bentuk unsur yang ditebarkan di atas lahan pertanian di Sumeria sekitar 4500 tahun yang lalu. [[Rig Veda]] yang berusia 4000 tahun menyebutkan penggunaan tanaman beracun untuk mengendalikan hama.<ref>Rao GVR, Rupela OP, Rao VR and Reddy YVR (2007) [http://dspace.icrisat.ac.in/dspace/bitstream/10731/391/1/Role%20of%20biopesticides..prospects.pdf "Role of biopesticides in crop protection: present status and future prospects"]{{Pranala mati|date=Mei 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ''Indian Journal of Plant Protection'', '''35''' (1): 1–9.</ref> Sejak abad ke 15, senyawa berbahaya seperti [[arsenik]], [[raksa]], dan [[timbal]] diterapkan di lahan pertanian untuk membunuh hama. Pada abad ke 17, [[nikotin sulfat]] diekstraksi dari daun [[tembakau]] untuk dijadikan insektisida. Abad ke 19, [[piretrum]] dari bunga [[krisan]] dan [[rotenon]] dari akar sayuran mulai dikembangkan.<ref name="Miller2002">Miller, GT (2002). ''Living in the Environment'' (12th Ed.). Belmont: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning. ISBN 0-534-37697-5</ref> Hingga tahun 1950an, pestisida berbahan dasar arsenik masih dominan.<ref name=Pinpointing>Ritter SR. (2009). [http://pubs.acs.org/cen/coverstory/87/8707cover1a.html Pinpointing Trends In Pesticide Use In 1939]. ''C&E News''.</ref> [[Paul Herman Müller]] menemukan DDT yang sangat efektif sebagai insektisida. Organoklorin menjadi dominan, tetapi segera digantikan oleh organofosfat dan karbamat pada tahun 1975 di negara maju. Senyawa [[piretrin]] menjadi insektisida dominan.<ref name=Pinpointing/> Herbisida berkembang dan mulai digunakan secara luas pada tahun 1960an dengan [[triazin]] dan senyawa berbasis nitrogen lainnya, asam karboksilat, dan glifosat.<ref name=Pinpointing/>
Pada tahun 1960an, ditemukan bahwa DDT menyebabkan berbagai burung pemakan ikan tidak bereproduksi, yang menjadi masalah serius bagi [[keanekaragaman hayati]]. Penggunaan DDT dalam pertanian kini dilarang dalam [[Konvensi Stockholm]], tetapi masih digunakan di beberapa negara berkembang untuk mencegah malaria dan penyakit tropis lainnya dengan menyemportkannya ke dinding untuk mencegah kehadiran nyamuk.<ref>Lobe, J (Sept 16, 2006), [http://www.commondreams.org/headlines06/0916-05.htm "WHO urges DDT for malaria control Strategies,"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061017195527/http://www.commondreams.org/headlines06/0916-05.htm |date=2006-10-17 }} Inter Press Service, cited from Commondreams.org. Retrieved on September 15, 2007.</ref>
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* [http://www.pesticides.gov.uk UK Pesticides Safety Directorate]
* [http://ec.europa.eu/food/plant/protection/evaluation/index_en.htm European Commission pesticide information]
* [http://www.waterkeeper.ca/content/fish/pesticide_legislation_suggests.php Lake Ontario Waterkeeper]{{Pranala mati|date=Mei 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (May 21, 2008) -- Pesticide legislation suggests industry lobby is still alive and well
* [http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/ United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pesticides Program]
* [http://iaspub.epa.gov/apex/pesticides/f?p=CHEMICALSEARCH:1:2397994685836501::NO:1:: US EPA Pesticide Chemical Search]
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;Kesehatan manusia
* NIH encyclopedia pages with [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002430.htm emergency treatment of Insecticide exposure]
* [http://www.durango-software.com Durango Software] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215222108/https://www.durango-software.com/ |date=2018-12-15 }} - Provides risk assessment tools for pesticide use
* Environmental Working Group (July 14, 2005), [http://archive.ewg.org/reports/bodyburden2/execsumm.php The Pollution in Newborns] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090131073921/http://archive.ewg.org/reports/bodyburden2/execsumm.php |date=2009-01-31 }}.
* [http://www.epa.gov/region09/ag/docs/HazComms-AgWorkers.pdf Hazard Communications for Agricultural Workers] (October 2007)
* [http://www.epa.gov/region09/ag/docs/final-naws-s092805.pdf National Agricultural Workers Survey ]
* [http://www.greenpeace.org/china/en/campaigns/food-and-agriculture/pesticides/pesticides-and-health Pesticides and Health -- Greenpeace China]
* [http://www.davidsuzuki.org/issues/health/science/pesticides/protecting-your-health-from-pesticides/index.php David Suzuki Foundation: Protecting Your Health from Pesticides] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110818151049/http://www.davidsuzuki.org/issues/health/science/pesticides/protecting-your-health-from-pesticides/index.php |date=2011-08-18 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110726130722/http://www.iom-world.org/pubs/IOM_TM0801.pdf Estimation of human intake of pesticides from all potential pathways] by L Tran, R Glass, P Ritchie, A Sleeuwenhoek, L MacCalman, J Cherrie. [[Institute of Occupational Medicine]] Research Report TM/08/01
* [http://www.iom-world.org/pubs/IOM_TM0004.pdf Field evaluation of protective clothing against non-agricultural pesticides] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723103434/http://www.iom-world.org/pubs/IOM_TM0004.pdf |date=2012-07-23 }} by A Soutar and others. [[Institute of Occupational Medicine]] Research Report TM/00/04
* [http://www.iom-world.org/pubs/IOM_TM9607.pdf A comparison of different methods for assessment of dermal exposure to nonagricultural pesticides in three sectors] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723103308/http://www.iom-world.org/pubs/IOM_TM9607.pdf |date=2012-07-23 }} by SN Tannahill and others. [[Institute of Occupational Medicine]] Research Report TM/96/07
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