Akar: Perbedaan antara revisi
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[[File:Primary and secondary cotton roots.jpg|thumb|Akar primer dan sekunder pada tumbuhan [[kapas]]]]
Pada [[tumbuhan berpembuluh]], '''akar''' adalah organ tumbuhan yang berperan penting dalam menahan berdirinya tumbuhan dan menyerap air serta nutrisi ke dalam tubuh tumbuhan, yang memungkinkan tumbuhan tumbuh lebih tinggi dan lebih cepat.<ref name="Stevens2019">{{cite book|author=Harley Macdonald & Donovan Stevens|title=Biotechnology and Plant Biology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-fEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA141|date=3 September 2019|publisher=EDTECH|isbn=978-1-83947-180-3|pages=141–}}</ref> Akar seringkali terletak di bawah permukaan tanah, tetapi akar juga bisa berupa akar udara atau diangin-anginkan, jenis akar ini biasanya tumbuh di atas tanah atau terutama di atas air.
== Fungsi ==
Fungsi utama akar adalah [[penyerapan air]] dan [[nutrisi tanaman]] dan penahan tubuh tanaman ke tanah.<ref>{{cite web |title=Plant parts=Roots |website=University of Illinois Extension |url=https://web.extension.illinois.edu/gpe/case1/c1facts2a.html}}</ref>
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[[File:CSIRO ScienceImage 11626 Barley root.jpg|thumb|Penampang melintang akar ''[[Hordeum vulgare|barley]]'']]
Morfologi akar dibagi menjadi empat zona: tudung akar, meristem apikal, zona perpanjangan, dan rambut akar.<ref name="Okon1993">{{cite book|author=Yaacov Okon|title=Azospirillum/Plant Associations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I07BKGI8rboC&pg=PA77|date=24 November 1993|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0-8493-4925-6|pages=77–}}</ref> [[Tudung akar]] membantu akar-akar baru menembus tanah. Tudung akar ini terkelupas saat akar masuk lebih dalam menciptakan permukaan berlendir yang menyediakan pelumas. [[Meristem apikal]] di belakang penutup akar menghasilkan sel akar baru yang memanjang. Kemudian, rambut akar akan terbentuk, rambut akar inilah yang menyerap air dan nutrisi mineral dari tanah.<ref name=arizona>{{cite web |title=Backyard Gardener: Understanding Plant Roots |website=University of Arizona Cooperative Extension |url=https://cals.arizona.edu/yavapai/anr/hort/byg/archive/understandingplantroots.html}}</ref> Akar pertama pada tanaman penghasil biji disebut ''[[radicle]]'', yang mengembang dari embrio tanaman setelah biji berkecambah.
Saat dibedah, susunan sel di dalam akar adalah [[rambut akar]], [[Epidermis (botani) | epidermis]], [[epiblem]], [[Korteks (botani) | korteks]], [[endodermis ]], [[pericycle]] dan, terakhir, [[jaringan vaskular]] di tengah akar untuk mengangkut air yang diserap oleh akar ke tempat lain dari tanaman.{{clarify|reason=need diagram |date=March 2016}}
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{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Baldocchi DD, Xu L | title = What limits evaporation from Mediterranean oak woodlands–The supply of moisture in the soil, physiological control by plants or the demand by the atmosphere? | journal = Advances in Water Resources | date = October 2007 | volume = 30 | issue = 10 | pages = 2113–22 | doi = 10.1016/j.advwatres.2006.06.013 | bibcode = 2007AdWR...30.2113B }}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Brundrett | first1 = M. C. | year = 2002 | title = Coevolution of roots and mycorrhizas of land plants | journal = New Phytologist | volume = 154 | issue = 2| pages = 275–304 | doi = 10.1046/j.1469-8137.2002.00397.x | pmid = 33873429 | doi-access = free }}
* {{cite web | last = Clark | first = Lynn | name-list-style = vanc | date = 2004 | url =http://www.eeob.iastate.edu/classes/bot404/docs/404root104.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060103160847/http://www.eeob.iastate.edu/classes/bot404/docs/404root104.pdf | archive-date = 3 January 2006 | url-status = dead | title = Primary Root Structure and Development – lecture notes }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Coutts MP | year = 1987 | title = Developmental processes in tree root systems | journal = Canadian Journal of Forest Research | volume = 17 | issue = 8| pages = 761–767 | doi=10.1139/x87-122}}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Raven JA, Edwards D | date = 2001 | title = Roots: evolutionary origins and biogeochemical significance. | journal = Journal of Experimental Botany | volume = 52 | issue = Suppl 1 | pages = 381–401 | doi = 10.1093/jxb/52.suppl_1.381 | pmid = 11326045 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Schenk HJ, Jackson RB | year = 2002 | title = The global biogeography of roots | journal = Ecological Monographs | volume = 72 | issue = 3| pages = 311–328 | doi=10.2307/3100092| jstor = 3100092 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Sutton RF, Tinus RW | year = 1983 | title = Root and root system terminology | journal = Forest Science Monograph | volume = 24 | page = 137 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Phillips WS | year = 1963 | title = Depth of roots in soil | journal = Ecology | volume = 44 | issue = 2| page = 424 | doi=10.2307/1932198| jstor = 1932198 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Caldwell MM, Dawson TE, Richards JH | date = 1998 | title = Hydraulic lift: consequences of water efflux from the roots of plants. | journal = Oecologia | volume = 113 | issue = 2 | pages = 151–161 | doi = 10.1007/s004420050363 | pmid = 28308192 | bibcode = 1998Oecol.113..151C | s2cid = 24181646 }}
{{Refend}}
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{{Commons category|Roots}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090425083339/http://ualr.edu/botany/ Botany – University of Arkansas at Little Rock]
* {{YouTube|7WID7ObQPjE|Time-lapse photography of root growth}}
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