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NFarras (bicara | kontrib)
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{{short description|Submarinekelas classkapal selam}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin
}}
Baris 10:
| Builders = [[Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft]]
| Operators = {{navy|IDN}}
| Class before = {{sclass2|[[Kapal selam kelas Whiskey|submarine|4}}]]
| Class after = {{sclass|[[Kapal selam kelas Nagapasa|submarine|4}}]]
| Subclasses =
| Cost =
| Built range = 1977–1981
| In service range =
| In commission range = 1981–present1981–sekarang
| Total ships on order =
| Total ships building =
Baris 31:
| Hide header =
| Header caption =
| Ship type = [[AttackKapal submarineselam serbu]]
| Ship displacement = *1,285 tonston surfaceddi permukaan<ref name="jfs10p353">{{Harvnb|Saunders|2009|p=353}}</ref>
*1,390 tonston divedmenyelam
| Ship length = {{convert|59.5|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
| Ship beam = {{convert|6.2|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
| Ship draft = {{convert|5.4|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
| Ship propulsion = *4 x Mesin diesel MTU 12V493 AZ80 GA31L diesel engines rateddengan attenaga {{convert|2,400|hp|MW|abbr=on|lk=on|order=flip}} <ref name=jfs10p353/>
*4 x SiemensAlternator alternatorsSiemens rateddengan attenaga {{convert|1.7|MW|hp|abbr=on|lk=on|order=flip}}
*1 x SiemensMotor motorSiemens rateddengan attenaga {{convert|4,600|hp|MW|abbr=on|lk=on|order=flip}}
*1 x ''shaft''
| Ship speed = * {{convert|11|kn}} surfaceddi permukaan<ref name=jfs10p353/>
* {{convert|21.5|kn}} saat submergedmenyelam
| Ship range = * {{convert|8,200|nmi|abbr=on}} at {{convert|8|kn|abbr=on}}
| Ship endurance = 50 days hari<ref name=jfs10p353/>
| Ship test depth = {{convert|240|m|abbr=on}} <ref name=jfs10p353/>
| Ship boats =
| Ship capacity =
| Ship complement = 33
| Ship time to activate =
| Ship sensors = *SignaalSistem Sinbadkendali weaponspersenjataan control systemSignaal Sinbad<ref name=jfs10p353/>
*Radar pencarian permukaan pita-I Thomson-CSF Calypso
*Thomson-CSF Calypso, I-band surface search radar
*Sonar penyerang dan pencarian aktif/pasif Atlas Elektronik CSU 3-2
*Atlas Elektronik CSU 3-2 active/passive search and attack sonar
*''Ranging'' pasif PRS-3/4
*PRS-3/4 passive ranging
| Ship EW = ESM : Thomson-CSF DR2000U <ref name=jfs10p353/>
| Ship armament = *8 × {{convert|21|in|mm|abbr=on|0|order=flip}} bow tubes <ref name=jfs10p353/>
*14 x Torpedo [[SUTTorpedo torpedoSUT|AEG SUT]] torpedoes
| Ship armor =
| Ship aircraft =
Baris 63:
|}
 
The '''''Kapal selam kelas Cakra class''''' isadalah akelas class of twodua [[TypeKapal selam Tipe 209|Typekapal selam tipe tipe 209/1300]] [[attackyang submarine]]s developeddikembangkan byoleh [[Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft]] ofdi Germany[[Jerman]] thatuntuk were[[Tentara boughtNasional andIndonesia commissionedAngkatan byLaut|TNI theAngkatan [[Indonesian NavyLaut]] inpada thetahun 1980s1980-an.
 
==DevelopmentPengembangan==
TheDua ''Cakra''-classkapal boatsselam werekelas orderedCakra ondipesan pada 2 April 1977, designedkemudian dirancang byoleh [[Ingenieurkontor Lübeck]] ofdi [[Lübeck]], constructeddibangun byoleh [[Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft]] ofdi [[Kiel]], anddan solddijual byoleh [[Ferrostaal]] of [[Essen]]. –Ketiga allperusahaan actingtersebut togetherbekerja assama asebagai [[West Germany|West Germankonsorsium]] [[consortiumJerman Barat]].<ref name=jfs10p353/> They were [[KeelPeletakan laying|laid downlunas]] ondilakukan pada 25 November 1977 anddan MarchMaret 1978,. Pembuatan kapal kemudian andselesai completeddilakukan onpada 18 MarchMaret 1981 anddan 6 JulyJuli 1981, respectively. ThereTerdapat wererencana plansuntuk tomembangun builddua twolagi morekapal boatsselam ofkelas theini, sametetapi classrencana buttersebut eventuallytidak nothingmenemui came oftitik itterang.<ref name="conwaysp179">{{Harvnb|Gardiner|Chumbley|1995|p=179}}</ref>
 
==Rancangan==
On 25 September 1997, [[Indonesia]] took over two ex-German [[Type 206 submarine|Type 206]] submarines with plans to refit them, followed by three others. Funds ran out in June 1998 and the whole project was then cancelled. New plans to acquire submarines from [[South Korea]] were announced in October 2003. Then it was revealed that the intended procurement was an improved {{sclass|Chang Bogo|submarine|1}}, the members of which are now in service as the {{sclass|Nagapasa|submarine|4}}.<ref name=jfs10p353/>
Kapal selam kelas Cakra memiliki baterai kapasitas besar dengan sel [[Baterai asam timbal|asam timbal]] GRP dan pendingin baterai yang disuplai oleh Wilhelm Hagen AG.<ref name=jfs10p353/>
 
==Riwayat operasional==
==Design==
Antara tahun 1999–2000, hubungan antara [[Indonesia]] dan [[Australia]] memanas setelah dilakukannya [[Referendum kemerdekaan Timor Leste 1999|Referendum Kemerdekaan Timor Leste]]. Referendum tersebut berujung pada unggulnya opsi kemerdekaan bagi Timor Leste.
The ''Cakra''-class boats have high capacity batteries with GRP [[Lead–acid battery|lead–acid]] cells and battery cooling supplied by Wilhelm Hagen AG.<ref name=jfs10p353/>
 
Selama jeda waktu antara pengumuman referendum dan mundurnya pasukan Indonesia, sebuah pasukan perdamaian internasional untuk TImor Timur bernama [[INTERFET]] dibentuk. Sebuah kapal milik [[Angkatan Laut Australia]] bernama [[HMAS Kanimbla (L 51)|HMAS Kanimbia]] digunakan oleh INTERFET sebagai pos komando. Ketika Kanimbia berlayar menuju Timor Timur, Ia melintasi wilayah perairan yang secara teknis masih dalam kedaulatan Indonesia.
==Operational history==
In 1999–2000, relations between [[Indonesia]] and [[Australia]] were tense following a [[1999 East Timorese independence referendum|referendum in East Timor]], in which the East Timorese population voted for independence from Indonesia.
 
Sebuah kapal selam kelas Cakra dari Indonesia yang kala itu melakukan patroli rutin di [[Laut Timor]] mendeteksi beberapa kapal tak dikenal yang bergerak menuju [[Dili]]. Komandan kapal selam mengarahkan kapal selam untuk menyelam menuju kedalaman periskop. Kapten kapal selam juga meminta kapal selam untuk bersiap menembakkan torpedo.<ref name=idmcakra>{{cite web |url= https://www.indomiliter.com/nyaris-disengat-torpedo-kapal-selam-cakra-class-inilah-profil-hmas-kanimbla/ |title= Nyaris Disengat Torpedo Kapal Selam Cakra Class, Inilah Profil HMAS Kanimbla| first1= Gilang |last1= Perdana |work=indomiliter |date=26 April 2018|access-date=23 September 2020}}</ref> Kapal-kapal tidak dikenal tersebut diketahui sebagai iring-iringan tiga kapal, yakni Kanimbla dan dua kapal milik [[Angkatan Laut Selandia Baru]]. Awak kapal Selandia Baru mengetahui keberadaan kapal selam, tetapi tidak dapat menentukan lokasi pastinya. Pada saat itu, komandan kapal Kanimbla melakukan komunikasi dengan Pemerintah Australia untuk menangani situasi yang terjadi. [[Canberra]] merespons panggilan tersebut dan meminta izin dari [[Jakarta]] supaya kapal INTERFET dapat melintasi perairan Indonesia menuju Dili.<ref name=idmcakra/> Kapal selam yang saat itu bertugas kemudian diperintahkan untuk tidak menghalangi iring-iringan. Meskipun demikian, kapal selam tersebut kembali naik ke permukaan dan mengikuti perjalanan iring-iringan kapal INTERFET.<ref name=idmcakra/>
During the hiatus between the announcement of the referendum result and its ratification and withdrawal by Indonesia, an international peacekeeping force for East Timor, named [[INTERFET]], was announced. A [[Royal Australian Navy]] transport vessel, {{HMAS|Kanimbla|L 51|6}}, was to serve as an INTERFET command post. As ''Kanimbla'' approached the coast of East Timor, it entered what were technically still Indonesian waters.
 
==Daftar kapal==
An Indonesian ''Cakra''-class submarine was conducting a routine patrol duties in the [[Timor Sea]], when its sonar detected several unidentified surface ships moving towards [[Dili]]. The submarine's commander directed the ship to submerge to periscope depth. The unidentified surface ships turned out to be a convoy of three ships: ''Kanimbla'' and two [[Royal New Zealand Navy]] frigates. The submarine captain ordered preparations for the firing of torpedoes.<ref name=idmcakra>{{cite web |url= https://www.indomiliter.com/nyaris-disengat-torpedo-kapal-selam-cakra-class-inilah-profil-hmas-kanimbla/ |title= Nyaris Disengat Torpedo Kapal Selam Cakra Class, Inilah Profil HMAS Kanimbla| first1= Gilang |last1= Perdana |work=indomiliter |date=26 April 2018|access-date=23 September 2020}}</ref> While the New Zealand frigate crews were aware of the presence of a submarine, they were unable to determine its exact position. At that point, the commander of ''Kanimbla'' communicated with the Australian government regarding the situation, and [[Canberra]] contacted [[Jakarta]] to request permission for the INTERFET vessels to enter Indonesian waters and set course to Dili.<ref name=idmcakra/> The submarine was ordered not to obstruct the convoy. It then surfaced and shadowed the convoy for the rest of its voyage.<ref name=idmcakra/>
 
==Ships in class==
{|class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#efefef"
! NameNama
! Nomor lambung
! Hull number
! BuilderPembuat
! OrderedDipesan
! Peletakan lunas
! Laid down
! Diluncurkan
! Launched
! Dioperasikan
! Commissioned
! Status
|-
Baris 98 ⟶ 96:
|25 November 1977
|10 September 1980
|18 MarchMaret 1981
|In active service Aktif<ref name=jfs10p353/><ref name=conwaysp179/>
|-
| {{ship|KRI|Nanggala|402|2}}
Baris 107 ⟶ 105:
|March 1978
|10 September 1980
|6 JulyJuli 1981
|WentHilang kontak missing onpada 21 April, 2021 anddan declareddinyatakan sunktenggelam onpada the24 24th,April following2021 thesetelah retrievalditemukannya ofobjek-objek objectsyang believeddiduga toberasal havedari beenkapal parts of the submarineselam, includingtermasuk apelurus torpedo straightener.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Archus|first=Dorian|title=Indonesian Navy lost communication with the submarine after training - Naval Post|url=https://navalpost.com/indonesian-navy-lost-communication-with-submarine/|access-date=2021-04-21|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="NanggalaSunk">{{Cite web|title=Indonesian searchers recover debris from missing submarine|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/4/24/indonesian-searchers-recover-debris-from-missing-submarine|access-date=2021-04-24|language=en|author=Al Jazeera}}</ref>
|-
|}
 
==ModernizationModernisasi==
The ''Cakra''-class underwent major refits at HDW spanning three years from 1986 to 1989. These refits were expensive and lengthy and may have discouraged further orders at that time. ''Cakra'' was refitted again at Surabaya from 1993 to April 1997, including replacement batteries and updated Sinbad TFCS. ''Nanggala'' received a similar refit from October 1997 to mid-1999.<ref name=jfs10p353/>
 
Baris 124 ⟶ 122:
On 24 April, Indonesia officially declared that the submarine had sunk, following the retrieval of objects believed to have been parts of Nanggla, including a torpedo straightener and prayer mats. "With the authentic evidence we found believed to be from the submarine, we have now moved from the sub miss phase to sub sunk", [[Chief of Staff of the Indonesian Navy | Navy Chief]] [[Yudo Margono]] has said. He also stated that scans have detected the submarine 850 metres deep, significantly below the 500 metres it is able to withstand.<ref name="NanggalaSunk"></ref>
 
==SeeLihat alsopula==
* [[Daftar kapal perang TNI-AL]]
* [[List of active Indonesian Navy ships]]
* [[EquipmentKapal ofselam thekelas IndonesianChang NavyBogo]]
 
==ReferencesReferensi==
{{reflist}}
 
==BibliographyBibliografi==
*{{cite book|editor-last1=Gardiner |editor-first1=Robert |editor-last2=Chumbley |editor-first2=Stephen |title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1947–1995 |year=1995 |publisher=Naval Institute Press |location=Annapolis, Maryland, US |isbn=1-55750-132-7 }}
*{{cite book|editor-last1=Saunders |editor-first1=Stephen |title=Jane's Fighting Ships 2009–2010 |year=2009 |publisher=Jane's Information Group |isbn=9780710628886 }}
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