Institut Karolinska: Perbedaan antara revisi
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'''Institut Karolinska''' ([[bahasa Swedia]]: ''Karolinska Institutet'') adalah sebuah [[universitas]] [[kedokteran]] terkemuka di [[Swedia]] yang terletak di kota [[Stockholm]]. Universitas ini didirikan pada tahun [[1810]]. Meski mempunyai nama Institut, Institut Karolinska merupakan universitas penuh yang melakukan kegiatan riset intensif dan pendidikan doktoral. Mendapat peringkat keempat menurut majalah [Times] universitas kedokteran terbaik di dunia. Sebuah komite yang ditunjuk universitas ini bertugas memilih pemenang [[Penghargaan Nobel dalam Fisiologi atau Kedokteran]].
==Rankings and reputation==
{{Infobox university rankings
| ARWU_W = 45 | ARWU_W_year = 2020 | ARWU_W_ref =<ref>[http://www.shanghairanking.com/ARWU2020.html Academic Ranking of World Universities 2020]</ref>
| THE_W = 36 | THE_W_year = 2021 | THE_W_ref =<ref>[https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2021/world-ranking World University Rankings 2021]</ref>
| THE_W_Reputation = 61–70 | THE_W_Reputation_year = 2019 | THE_W_Reputation_ref =<ref>[https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/karolinska-institute World Reputation Rankings 2021]</ref>
| USNWR_W = 51 | USNWR_W_year = 2020 | USNWR_W_ref =<ref>[https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/karolinska-institute-503151 US News Best Global Universities 2020]</ref>
| CWUR_W = 39 | CWUR_W_year = 2020-21 | CWUR_W_ref = <ref>[https://cwur.org/2020-21/Karolinska-Institute.php Center for World University Rankings (CWUR) 2020-21]</ref>
| RUR_W = 14 | RUR_W_year = 2020 | RUR_W_ref = <ref>[https://roundranking.com/ranking/world-university-rankings.html#world-2020 RUR World University Rankings 2020]</ref>
| ARWU_W_MED = 30 | ARWU_W_MED_year = 2020 | ARWU_W_MED_ref = <ref>[http://www.shanghairanking.com/shanghairanking-subject-rankings/clinical-medicine.html ShanghaiRanking's Global Ranking of Academic Subjects 2020 - Clinical Medicine]</ref>
| ARWU_W_LIFE = 16 | ARWU_W_LIFE_year = 2020 | ARWU_W_LIFE_ref = <ref>[http://www.shanghairanking.com/shanghairanking-subject-rankings/biological-sciences.html ShanghaiRanking's Global Ranking of Academic Subjects 2020 - Biological Sciences]</ref>
| THE_W_Health = 10 | THE_W_Health_year = 2021 | THE_W_Health_ref = <ref>[https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2021/subject-ranking/clinical-pre-clinical-health World University Rankings 2021 by subject: clinical, pre-clinical and health]</ref>
| THE_W_Life = 24 | THE_W_Life_year = 2021 | THE_W_Life_ref = <ref>[https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2021/subject-ranking/clinical-pre-clinical-health World University Rankings 2021 by subject: life sciences]</ref>
| THE_W_Psychology = 32 | THE_W_Psychology_year = 2021 | THE_W_Psychology_ref = <ref>[https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2021/subject-ranking/psychology World University Rankings 2021 by subject: psychology]</ref>
| QS_W_Dentistry = 8 | QS_W_Dentistry_year = 2020 | QS_W_Dentistry_ref = <ref>[https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/university-subject-rankings/2020/dentistry QS World University Rankings - Dentistry]</ref>
| QS_W_Life = 10 | QS_W_Life_year = 2020 | QS_W_Life_ref = <ref>[https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/university-subject-rankings/2020/life-sciences-medicine QS World University Rankings - Life Sciences and Medicine]</ref>
}}
The Karolinska Institute is not listed in the overall [[QS World University Rankings]] since it only ranks multi-faculty universities. However, QS does rank the Karolinska Institute in the category of Medicine, placing it as the best in Sweden, 3rd in Europe and 5th worldwide in 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/university-subject-rankings/2020/medicine|title=QS World University Rankings 2020 Results |publisher=QS World University Rankings |access-date=21 April 2020}}</ref> In 2015, the QS ranked the Department of Dental Medicine 1st in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/university-subject-rankings/2015/dentistry|title=QS World University Ranking for Dentistry}}</ref>
According to the 2021 [[Times Higher Education World University Rankings]], the Karolinska Institute is ranked 10th worldwide and 5th in Europe in clinical, pre-clinical and other health subjects.<ref>{{cite web|title=World University Rankings 2020 by subject: clinical, pre-clinical and health|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2021/subject-ranking/clinical-pre-clinical-health#!/page/0/length/25/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats|access-date=24 February 2021|publisher=Times Higher Education}}</ref>
The 2021 [[U.S. News & World Report Best Global University Ranking]] placed KI as 11th worldwide in Psychiatry and Psychology.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/karolinska-institute-503151 |title=US News and World Report Best Global University Ranking |access-date=24 February 2021 |publisher=US News and World Report}}</ref>
In 2019, the [[Academic Ranking of World Universities]] ranked the Karolinska Institute in 4th place worldwide for pharmacy, 5th for public health, 6th for nursing, and 21st for clinical medicine .<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.shanghairanking.com/ |title=Academic Ranking of World Universities |access-date=21 April 2020 |publisher=ShanghaiRanking Consultancy}}</ref>
The university was a founding member of the [[League of European Research Universities]].
=== Hong Kong donation controversy ===
In February 2015, the KI announced it had received a record $50 million donation from Lau Ming-wai, who chairs Hong Kong property developer [[Chinese Estates Holdings]], and would establish a research centre in the city. Within a few days, ''[[Next Magazine (Chinese magazine)|Next Magazine]]'' revealed that Chuen-yan – son of Hong Kong Chief Executive [[CY Leung]] – had recently been awarded a fellowship to research heart disease therapeutics at the institute in Stockholm beginning that year, and raised questions about the "intricate relationship between the chief executive and powerful individuals". CY Leung had visited KI when in Sweden in 2014, and subsequently introduced KI president, Anders Hamsten, to Lau.<ref name=universityworldnews>{{cite web|url=http://www.universityworldnews.com/article.php?story=2015021809361212|title=Karolinska's Asia campus donation questioned – University World News}}</ref><ref>[http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?we_cat=4&art_id=154377&sid=43908462&con_type=1&d_str=20150217&fc=4 "CY denies link over son's job and $400m donation"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150226092553/http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?we_cat=4&art_id=154377&sid=43908462&con_type=1&d_str=20150217&fc=4 |date=26 February 2015 }}. ''The Standard'', 17 February 2015</ref> The [[Democratic Party (Hong Kong)|Democratic Party]] urged the [[Independent Commission Against Corruption (Hong Kong)|ICAC]] to investigate the donation, suggesting that Leung may have abused his public position to further his son's career. The Chief Executive's Office strenuously denied suggestions of any quid pro quo, saying that "the admission of the [Chief Executive's] son to post-doctoral research at KI is an independent decision by KI having regard to his professional standards. He [the son] plays no role and does not hold any position at the [proposed] Ming Wai Lau Center for Regenerative Medicine."<ref name=universityworldnews/> This accusation has also been questioned by the ''[[South China Morning Post]]'''s Canadian-based pro-Beijing and pro-government opinion columnist, Alex Lo: "The insinuation is that Leung Chuen-yan with a doctorate from Cambridge doesn't deserve his job at the Karolinska Institute...Leung the son probably could get similar junior posts in many other prestigious-sounding – at least to brand-obsessed Hongkongers – research institutes; it's not that big a deal."<ref>[http://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/technology/article/1720569/next-magazine-misses-mark-saying-money-influence-behind-leung "Next Magazine misses the mark in saying money, influence behind Leung Chuen-yan getting post at Karolinska Institute"]. ''South China Morning Post'', 22 February 2015</ref>
===Scientific misconduct===
The institute received unfavorable attention in the 2010s for its failure to prevent the deaths of seven patients at the hands of one of their star surgeons, [[Paolo Macchiarini]], who was ultimately found to have repeatedly falsified medical data in order to perform experimental surgeries that were unsuccessful and lead to the deaths of the patients, diseased tracheas were replaced with prosthetic implants. The institute was accused of engaging in targeted retribution against the whistleblowers rather than conducting a full, impartial and appropriate review.
This scientific misconduct scandal occurred in 2014, and involved one of the institute's star surgeons, Paolo Macchiarini. Macchiarini was accused by four former colleagues and co-authors of having falsified claims in his research.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Fountain|first1=Henry|title=Leading Surgeon Is Accused of Misconduct in Experimental Transplant Operations|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/25/world/leading-surgeon-is-accused-of-misconduct-in-experimental-transplant-operations.html?_r=0|work=The New York Times|date=24 November 2014}}</ref>
After its unsuccessful effort to avoid unfavorable publicity by silencing whistleblowers, media coverage and public opinion finally forced the Institute to act. In April 2015, the [[ethics committee]] of the institute issued a response to one set of allegations with regard to research ethics and peer review at the ''Lancet'', and found them to be groundless.<ref>{{cite news|title="Super-surgeon" Macchiarini not guilty of misconduct, per one Karolinska investigation|url=http://retractionwatch.com/2015/04/14/super-surgeon-macchiarini-not-guilty-of-misconduct-per-one-karolinska-investigation/|work=Retraction Watch|date=14 April 2015}}</ref>
The Karolinska Institute later appointed an external expert, Bengt Gerdin, to review the charges, comparing the results reported by Macchiarini and his collaborators to the medical record of the hospital. Gerdin's report was released by Karolinska in May 2015.<ref name=science2015-05a>{{cite journal|last1=Vogel|first1=Gretchen|title=Report finds trachea surgeon committed misconduct|journal=Science|date=19 May 2015|doi=10.1126/science.aac4623}}</ref><ref name=science2015-05b>{{cite journal|last1=Vogel|first1=Gretchen|title=Karolinska releases English translation of misconduct report on trachea surgeon|journal=Science|date=27 May 2015|doi=10.1126/science.aac4649}}</ref><ref name=Gerdin.report>{{cite web|title=Gerdin Report (English) Assignment ref: 2-2184/2014|url=http://www.circare.org/info/pm/gerdin-finalrpt-20150513.pdf|publisher=Karolinska via CIRCARE|date=13 May 2015}}</ref> Gerdin found that Macchiarini had committed research misconduct in seven out of seven papers: The findings showed he had not obtained ethical approval for the some of his operations (as claimed), and had misrepresented the result of some of those operations, as well as work he had done with animals.<ref name=science2015-05a/><ref name=science2015-05b/><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/nature.2015.17605 |pmid=26017424 |title=Artificial-windpipe surgeon committed misconduct |journal=Nature |volume=521 |issue=7553 |pages=406–407 |year=2015 |last1=Cyranoski |first1=David |bibcode=2015Natur.521..406C |doi-access=free }}</ref>
In August 2015, after considering the findings and a rebuttal provided by Macchiarini, vice-chancellor of Karolinska Institute Anders Hamsten found that Macchiarini had acted "without due care" but had not committed misconduct.<ref>{{cite news|title=Trachea surgeon Macchiarini acted "without due care," but is not guilty of misconduct: Karolinska|url=http://retractionwatch.com/2015/08/28/trachea-surgeon-macchiarini-acted-without-due-care-but-is-not-guilty-of-misconduct-karolinska/|work=Retraction Watch|date=28 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ki.se/en/news/visiting-professor-at-karolinska-institutet-cleared-from-suspicions-of-scientific-misconduct |publisher=[[Karolinska Institutet]] |title=Visiting Professor at Karolinska Institutet cleared from suspicions of scientific misconduct |first=Claes |last=Keisu |date=28 August 2015 |access-date = 12 February 2016}}</ref> The journal ''[[The Lancet]]'', which published Macchiarini's work, also published an article defending Macchiarini.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00118-X |pmid=26369448 |title=Paolo Macchiarini is not guilty of scientific misconduct |journal=The Lancet |volume=386 |issue=9997 |pages=932 |year=2015 |last1=The Lancet |doi-access=free }}</ref>
On 5 January 2016, the magazine ''Vanity Fair'' published a story about Macchiarini romancing a journalist, which also questioned the accuracy of statements he had made on his CV.<ref name=RWneed>{{cite news|title=Reading about embattled trachea surgeon Paolo Macchiarini? Here's what you need to know|url=http://retractionwatch.com/2016/02/12/reading-about-embattled-trachea-surgeon-paolo-macchiarini-heres-what-you-need-to-know/|work=Retraction Watch|date=12 February 2016}}</ref><ref name="vanityfair">{{cite web|url=http://www.vanityfair.com/news/2016/01/celebrity-surgeon-nbc-news-producer-scam|title=The Celebrity Surgeon Who Used Love, Money, and the Pope to Scam an NBC News Producer|last=Ciralsky|first=Adam|author-link=Adam Ciralsky|date=31 January 2016|work=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]|access-date=7 January 2016}}</ref>
On 13 January 2016—the same day that the first part of a three-part documentary about Macchiarini would air on Swedish television—Gerdin criticized the vice-chancellor's dismissal of the allegations in an interview on Swedish television.<ref name="svt.se">{{cite web |url=http://www.svt.se/nyheter/vetenskap/utredaren-star-fast-ki-s-stjarnkirurg-har-forskningsfuskat |publisher=[[Sveriges Television]] |title=Utredaren står fast – KI:s stjärnkirurg har forskningsfuskat |trans-title=The investigator stands firm – The KI's star surgeon accused of research fraud |first1=Johannes |last1=Hallbom |first2=Karin |last2=Moberger |date=13 January 2016 |language=sv}}</ref>
Later that day, [[Sveriges Television]] investigative TV show ''Dokument inifrån'' started airing a three-part series, titled "Experimenten", in which Macchiarini's work was investigated.<ref name=RWneed/><ref>{{Cite web|title = Experimenten: Stjärnkirurgen |trans-title=The Experiments: The Star Surgeon |url = https://www.svt.se/dokument-inifran/experimenten-in-english|publisher=[[Sveriges Television]] |work=Dokument inifrån |date=7 January 2016 |language=en}}</ref> The documentary showed Macchiarini continuing operations with the new method even after it showed little or no promise, seeming to exaggerate the health of patients following the experimental surgery despite the ultimate deaths of those patients. While Macchiarini admitted that the synthetic trachea did not work in the current state, he did not agree that trying it on several additional patients without further testing had been inappropriate. Allegations were also made that patients' medical conditions both before and after the operations, as reported in academic papers, were inconsistent with patient records. Macchiarini also claimed that the synthetic trachea had been tested on animals before using it on humans, something that could not be verified.<ref name=Nature2016-03term>{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/nature.2016.19629 |title=Prestigious Karolinska Institute dismisses controversial trachea surgeon |journal=Nature |year=2016 |last1=Abbott |first1=Alison }}</ref><ref name=Science2016-03term>{{cite journal |doi=10.1126/science.aaf9825 |title=Karolinska Institute fires fallen star surgeon Paolo Macchiarini |journal=Science |year=2016 |last1=Enserink |first1=Martin }}</ref><ref name=BBCdownfall>{{cite news|last1=Kremer|first1=William|title=Paolo Macchiarini: A surgeon's downfall|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-37311038|work=BBC News|date=10 September 2016}}</ref>
On 28 January, Karolinska issued a statement saying that the documentary made claims of which it was unaware, and that it would consider re-opening the investigations.<ref>{{cite news|title=Karolinska may reopen inquiry into star surgeon Macchiarini, following documentary's revelations|url=http://retractionwatch.com/2016/02/01/karolinska-may-reopen-inquiry-into-star-surgeon-macchiarini/|work=Retraction Watch|date=1 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Comment on the TV documentary "Experimenten"|url=http://ki.se/en/news/comment-on-the-tv-documentary-experimenten|publisher=Karolinska Institute|language=en|date=28 January 2016}}</ref> These concerns were echoed by the chairman of the Karolinska Institute, Lars Leijonborg, and the chairman of the Swedish Medical Association, Heidi Stensmyren, calling for an independent investigation that would also review the actions of the university and hospital management in responding to allegations of scientific misconduct.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dagensmedicin.se/artiklar/2016/02/01/kis-styrelse-granskas-av-oberoende-utredning/ |work=Dagens Medicin |title=KI:s ledning granskas av oberoende utredning |trans-title=KI's management reviewed by independent investigation |first=Carl V |last=Andersson |date=1 February 2016|language=sv}}</ref>
In February 2016, the Karolinska Institute published a review of Macchiarini's CV that identified discrepancies.<ref name=CVinvestigation>{{cite web|title=Examination of CV information|url=http://ki.se/sites/default/files/investigation_of_cv.pdf|publisher=Karolinska Institute|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914161140/http://ki.se/sites/default/files/investigation_of_cv.pdf|archive-date=14 September 2016|date=11 February 2016}}</ref>
In March, 2016. the institute terminated Macchiarini's contract.<ref name=Nature2016-03term/>
In October 2016, the BBC broadcast a three-part ''[[Storyville (TV series)|Storyville]]'' documentary, ''Fatal Experiments: The Downfall of a Supersurgeon'', directed by [[Bosse Lindquist]] and based on the earlier Swedish programmes about Macchiarini.<ref name="BBC: Fatal Experiments">{{cite web |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b080k2z4 |title= Fatal Experiments: The Downfall of a Supersurgeon |author= <!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |website= [[BBC Online]] |publisher= BBC| access-date= 25 October 2016 }}</ref>
After the special aired, the Karolinska Institute requested Sweden's national scientific review board to review six of Macchiarini's publications about the procedures. The board published its findings in October 2017, and concluded that all six demonstrated scientific misconduct, in particular by failing to report the surgical complications and deaths that occurred after the interventions; and that one of the articles falsely claimed that the procedure had been approved by an [[ethics committee]], when this had not happened. The board called for all six of the papers to be retracted. It also reported that all of the papers' co-authors had committed scientific misconduct as well.<ref name=NatlRevBoard2017>{{cite journal |doi=10.1126/science.aar3612 |title=Six papers by disgraced surgeon should be retracted, report concludes |journal=Science |year=2017 |last1=Vogel |first1=Gretchen }}</ref>
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