Transgender: Perbedaan antara revisi
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Keadaan transgender tidak terikat dengan [[orientasi seksual]].<ref name="apahelp">{{cite web |title=Sexual orientation, homosexuality and bisexuality |publisher=[[American Psychological Association]] |accessdate=10 Agustus 2013 |url=http://www.apa.org/helpcenter/sexual-orientation.aspx |archivedate=8 Agustus 2013}}</ref> Orang transgender dapat memilki orientasi [[heteroseksual]], [[homoseksual]], [[biseksual]], [[aseksual]], dan lain-lain. Istilah ''transgender'' berbeda dengan istilah ''[[interseks]]'', yaitu kondisi seseorang yang lahir dengan karakteristik seks fisik yang "...tidak padan dengan gagasan umum mengenai laki-laki atau perempuan".<ref name="unfe-fact">{{Cite web |author=[[Kantor Komisaris Tinggi PBB untuk Hak Asasi Manusia]] |title=Free & Equal Campaign Fact Sheet: Intersex |year=2015 |url=https://unfe.org/system/unfe-65-Intersex_Factsheet_ENGLISH.pdf | access-date =28 Maret 2016}}</ref>
Tingkat seorang individu untuk merasa asli, murni, dan nyaman dengan penampilan luarnya serta menerima identitas aslinya disebut sebagai ''kesesuaian transgender'' (''transgender congruence'').<ref name="KozeeTylkaBauerband">{{cite journal |last1=Kozee |first1=H. B. |last2=Tylka |first2=T. L. |last3=Bauerband |first3=L. A. |year=2012 |title=Measuring transgender individuals' comfort with gender identity and appearance: Development and validation of the Transgender Congruence Scale |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_psychology-of-women-quarterly_2012-06_36_2/page/179 |journal=Psychology of Women Quarterly |volume=36 |pages=179–196 |doi=10.1177/0361684312442161}}</ref> Banyak dari orang transgender mengalami apa yang disebut [[disforia gender]] dan beberapa menerima bantuan medis seperti [[terapi penyulihan hormon (transgender)|terapi penyulihan hormon]], [[operasi penentuan ulang seks]], atau [[psikoterapi]].<ref name="Maizes">{{cite book |last=Maizes |first=V. |title=Integrative Women's Health |year=2015 |isbn=0190214805 |page=745 |quote=Many transgender people experience gender dysphoria—distress that results from the discordance of biological sex and experienced gender (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Treatment for gender dysphoria, considered to be highly effective, includes physical, medical, and/or surgical treatments [...] some [transgender people] may not choose to transition at all.}}</ref> Tidak semua orang transgender menghendaki penanganan medis dan beberapa tidak melakukannya karena kendala ekonomi atau kesehatan.<ref name="Maizes"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Understanding Transgender People FAQ |url=http://www.transequality.org/issues/resources/understanding-transgender-people-faq |website=National Center for Transgender Equality |accessdate=20 April 2016 |date=1 Mei 2009}}</ref>
Mayoritas orang transgender menghadapi diskriminasi dalam pekerjaan dan pencarian kerja,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lombardi |first1=E. L. |last2=Anne Wilchins |first2=R. |last3=Priesing |first3=D. |last4=Malouf |first4=D. |title=Gender Violence: Transgender Experiences with Violence and Discrimination |journal=Journal of Homosexuality |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=89–101 |doi=10.1300/J082v42n01_05}}</ref> pemenuhan kebutuhan tempat tinggal,<ref name="GLAAD-public-services">{{cite web |author=Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation |url=http://glaadblog.org/2011/02/04/groundbreaking-report-reflects-persistent-discrimination-against-transgender-community/ |title=Groundbreaking Report Reflects Persistent Discrimination Against Transgender Community |date=4 Februari 2011 |access-date=24 Februari 2011}}</ref> serta pelayanan kesehatan.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Bradford |first=J. |last2=Reisner |first2=S. L. |last3=Honnold |first3=J. A. |last4=Xavier |first4=J. |title=Experiences of Transgender-Related Discrimination and Implications for Health: Results From the Virginia Transgender Health Initiative Study |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-public-health_2013-10_103_10/page/1820 |journal=American Journal of Public Health |volume=103 |issue=10 |pages=1820-1829 |date=Oktober 2013 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2012.300796}}</ref> Orang transgender juga [[Aspek hukum transgenderisme|tidak dilindungi oleh hukum]] dari diskriminasi di banyak tempat.<ref name="Whittle, Stephen 2002">{{cite book |last=Whittle |first=S. |title=Respect and Equality: Transsexual and Transgender Rights |publisher=Routledge-Cavendish |year=2002}}</ref>
== Istilah ==
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Seorang [[transvestisme|transvesti]] adalah seseorang yang ber-''[[cross-dressing|cross-dress]]'' (lintas busana), atau mengenakan pakaian yang umumnya dianggap sebagai pakaian lawan gendernya yang [[penunjukan seks|ditunjuk saat lahir]].<ref name="TV1">{{cite web|first=E. D. |last=Hirsch, Jr. |last2=Kett |first2=J. F. |last3=Trefil |first3=J. |year=2002 |quote=Transvestite: Someone who dresses in the clothes usually worn by the opposite sex. |url=http://www.bartleby.com/cgi-bin/texis/webinator/sitesearch?query=transvestite&filter=col59 |title=Definition of the word "transvestite" |website=The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, Third Edition |accessdate=13 Agustus 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070818065027/http://www.bartleby.com/59/ |archivedate=18 Agustus 2007}}</ref> Istilah ''transvesti'' (''transvestite'') digunakan sebagai sebuah sinnonim dari ''cross-dresser''<ref name="TV3">{{cite journal|last=Raj |first=R. |year=2002 |quote=transvestite (TV): n. Synonym: crossdresser (CD) |url=http://www.symposion.com/ijt/ijtvo06no02_04.htm |title=Towards a Transpositive Therapeutic Model: Developing Clinical Sensitivity and Cultural Competence in the Effective Support of Transsexual and Transgendered Clients |journal=[[International Journal of Transgenderism]] |volume=6 |issue=2 |accessdate=13 Agustus 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927183942/http://www.symposion.com/ijt/ijtvo06no02_04.htm |archivedate=27 September 2007}}</ref><ref name="TV4">{{cite web |author=Komisi Hak Asasi Manusia [[Ontario]] |year=2007 |quote="...Many say this term (crossdresser) is preferable to transvestite, which means the same thing..." dan "...transvestite (TV) – same as cross-dresser. Most feel cross-dresser is the preferred term..." |url=http://www.ohrc.on.ca/sites/default/files/attachments/Discussion_paper%3A_Toward_a_commission_policy_on_gender_identity.pdf|title=Discussion Paper: Toward a Commission Policy on Gender Identity |accessdate=22 Januari 2017}}</ref> walaupun ''cross-dresser'' secara umum lebih direkomendasikan.<ref name="TV4" /><ref name="TV6">{{cite web |last=Green |first=E. |last2=Peterson |first2=E.N. |year=2006 |quote=...The preferred term is 'cross-dresser', but the term 'transvestite' is still used in a positive sense in England... |url=http://www.trans-academics.org/lgbttsqiterminology.pdf |title=LGBTTSQI Terminology |website=Trans-Academics.org |accessdate=13 Agustus 2007}}</ref> Istilah ''cross-dresser'' sendiri tidak didefinisikan secara pasti di sumber-sumber pustaka. [[Michael A. Gilbert]], guru besar Departemen Filsafat, [[Universitas York]], [[Toronto]], mengajukan definisi berikut, "[''Cross-dresser''] adalah seseorang yang memiliki [[identifikasi gender]] pada seks tertentu serta [[Penunjukan seks|ditunjuk]] sebagai jenis tertentu saat lahir, tetapi mengenakan pakaian lawan jenisnya karena pakaian tersebut merupakan pakaian lawan jenisnya."<ref name="CD1">{{Cite journal |url=http://iiav.nl/ezines/web/IJT/97-03/numbers/symposion/gilbert.htm |title=The Transgendered Philosopher |last=Gilbert |first=M. A. |year=2000 |journal=[[International Journal of Transgenderism]] |access-date=16 Desember 2015 |archive-date=2016-01-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126101549/http://www.iiav.nl/ezines/web/IJT/97-03/numbers/symposion/gilbert.htm |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Definisi ini tidak mencakup seseorang yang mengenakan pakaian lawan jenisnya untuk alasan lain, seperti sebagai bagian dari pekerjaan, bagian dari peran yang dimainkan dalam film atau seni pentas, orang-orang yang menyukai pesta kostum, dan sebagainya. Gilbert berpandangan bahwa orang-orang tersebut ber-''cross dressing'' namun bukan ''cross-dresser''.<ref name="CD1"/>
Seseorang yang ber-''cross-dress'' bisa tidak [[identitas gender|mengidentifikasi]] dirinya terhadap lawan gendernya, tidak ingin menjadi lawan gendernya, atau tidak ingin bertindak sebagai gender lawannya serta secara umum tidak ingin [[transisi gender|mengubah tubuhnya secara medis]]. Mayoritas ''cross-dresser'' mengidentifikasi dirinya sebagai orang heteroseksual.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Docter |first=R. F. |last2=Prince |first2=V. |year=1997 |title=Transvestism: A survey of 1032 cross-dressers |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_archives-of-sexual-behavior_1997-12_26_6/page/589 |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |volume=26 |issue=6 |pages=589–605}}</ref> Seseorang yang ber-''cross-dress'' di kehidupan nyata bisa tidak peduli atau bisa pula memiliki keinginan untuk ''[[Passing (gender)|pass]]'' sebagai lawan gendernya sehingga tidak terlihat sebagai seorang ''cross-dresser''.
Istilah ''transvesti'' serta isitilah lama ''transvestisme'' secara konseptual berbeda dari ''fetishisme transvesti''. Orang dengan fetishisme transvesti mengenakan pakaian lawan gendernya untuk tujuan [[fetshisme]] dan hanya pada saat-saat tertentu saja. Dalam istilah medis, fetishisme transvesti berbeda dengan ''cross-dressing'', dan memiliki kode 302.3 dalam [[Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders|DSM]] dan F65.1 dalam [[International Classification of Diseases|ICD]].<ref name="TV7">{{cite web|url=http://www.who.int/classifications/apps/icd/icd10online/|title=ICD-10, Gender Identity Disorder, category F65.1|author=Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia|authorlink=Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia|year=1992|accessdate=13 Agustus 2007|quote=...Fetishistic transvestism is distinguished from transsexual transvestism by its clear association with sexual arousal and the strong desire to remove the clothing once orgasm occurs and sexual arousal declines....}}</ref><ref name="DSM-IV">{{cite book|title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV|author=American Psychiatric Association|year=1994|authorlink=American Psychiatric Association}}.</ref>
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=== Asia-Pasifik ===
[[Berkas:Nongthoomfairtex.jpg|jmpl|lurus|[[Nong Tum]], seorang ''[[kathoey]]'' yang ceritanya diangkat ke dalam film ''[[Beautiful Boxer]]''.]]
Istilah ''[[kathoey]]'' di [[Thailand]] dan [[Laos]]<ref name="Laos1">{{cite web |last=Doussantousse |first=S. |year=2005 |quote=...The Lao Kathoey's characteristics appear to be similar to other transgenders in the region... |url=http://web.hku.hk/~sjwinter/TransgenderASIA/paper_doussantousse.htm |title=Male Sexual Health: Kathoeys in the Lao PDR, South East Asia – Exploring a gender minority |website=Transgender ASIA Research Centre |accessdate=22 Juli 2007 |archive-date=2007-08-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070819021051/http://web.hku.hk/~sjwinter/TransgenderASIA/paper_doussantousse.htm |dead-url=yes }}</ref> digunakan untuk menyebut orang transgender laki-laki ke perempuan<ref name="Thailand1">{{cite journal|last=Jackson |first=P. |year=2003 |url=http://wwwsshe.murdoch.edu.au/intersections/issue9/jackson.html |title=Performative Genders, Perverse Desires: A Bio-History of Thailand's Same-Sex and Transgender Cultures |journal=Intersections: Gender, History and Culture in the Asian Context |issue=No. 9, Agustus 2003}}</ref> dan pria gay yang [[feminin]].<ref name="Thailand2">{{cite journal|last=Winter |first=S. |last2=Udomsak |first2=N. |year=2002 |url=http://www.symposion.com/ijt/ijtvo06no01_04.htm |title=Male, Female and Transgender: Stereotypes and Self in Thailand |journal=International Journal of Transgenderism |volume=6 |issue=1 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070228130914/http://www.symposion.com/ijt/ijtvo06no01_04.htm |archivedate=28 Februari 2007}}</ref> Kebudayaan [[Asia Selatan]] memiliki [[gender ketiga]] yang di dalam [[bahasa Hindi]] di sebut sebagai [[hijra (Asia Selatan)|''hijra'']]. Kepercayaan tradisional [[Bugis]] di [[Sulawesi]] mengenal lima gender yaitu ''Oroane'' (laki-laki); ''Makunrai'' (perempuan); ''Calalai'' (perempuan yang berpenampilan seperti layaknya laki-laki); ''Calabai'' (laki-laki yang berpenampilan seperti layaknya perempuan); dan golongan ''[[Bissu]]''. Masyarakat kepercayaan tradisional menganggap seorang bissu sebagai kombinasi dari semua gender tersebut.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Graham |first=Sharyn |year=2001 |url=http://www.insideindonesia.org/sulawesis-fifth-gender-2 |title=Sulawesi's fifth gender |magazine=Inside Indonesia |issue=66 |publisher=Indonesian Resources and Information Program |issn=0814-1185}}</ref> Beberapa tradisi [[Polinesia]] memiliki ''[[mahu]]'' yaitu orang-orang dengan gender ketiga.<ref>{{cite web|last=Llosa|first=M. V.|authorlink=Mario Vargas Llosa|title=The men-women of the Pacific|url=http://www.tate.org.uk/context-comment/articles/men-women-pacific|website=tate.org.uk|publisher=[[Tate Britain]]|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6WpIsllud?url=http://www.tate.org.uk/context-comment/articles/men-women-pacific|archivedate=2015-03-06|deadurl=no|access-date=2017-01-31}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Eisenman |first=S. F. |year=1999 |title=Gauguin's Skirt |location=London |publisher=[[Thames and Hudson]] |isbn=978-0500280386 |pages=104-115}}</ref> Kebudayaan [[Fa'asamoa|Samoa]] mengenal orang-orang dengan gender ketiga sebagai ''[[fa'afafine]]''.<ref name=bartlett>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1007/s10508-006-9055-1| pmid = 16909317| title = A Retrospective Study of Childhood Gender-Atypical Behavior in Samoan Fa'afafine| url = https://archive.org/details/sim_archives-of-sexual-behavior_2006-12_35_6/page/659| journal = Archives of Sexual Behavior| volume = 35| issue = 6| pages = 659–66| year = 2006| last1 = Bartlett | first1 = N. H. | last2 = Vasey | first2 = P. L. }}</ref>
=== Eropa dan Timur Tengah ===
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=== Amerika ===
Banyak kebudayaan [[Pribumi Amerika]] yang mengenal lebih dari dua gender.<ref name="theamerindianmanWoman">{{cite journal|title=The Amerindian "Man-Woman": Gender, Liminality, and Cultural Continuity |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_current-anthropology_1992-12_33_5/page/603 |last1=Fulton |first1=R. |last2=Anderson |first2=S. W. |journal=[[Current Anthropology]] |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |issn=1537-5382 |volume=33 |issue=5 |year=1992 |pages=603–10 |doi=10.1086/204124 |jstor=2743927 |via=[[JSTOR]] |registration=y}}</ref> Beberapa contoh di antaranya adalah ''Ła'mana'' di Suku [[Zuni|Zuñi]],<ref name="thezunilhamana">{{cite journal |title=The Zuñi Ła'mana |last=Parsons |first=E. C. |journal=[[American Anthropologist]] |publisher=[[American Anthropological Association]] |issn=1548-1433 |volume=18 |issue=4 |year=1916 |pages=521–528 |doi=10.1525/aa.1916.18.4.02a00060 |jstor=660121 |via=[[JSTOR]] |registration=y |quote=Of these 'men-women' ....}}</ref> ''[[winkte]]'' di kebudayaan [[orang Lakota|Lakota]],<ref name="winyanktehca">{{cite conference|last=Schützer |first=M. A. N. |url=http://www.gender.org.uk/conf/trilogy/winkte.htm |title=Winyanktehca: Two-souls person |conference=European Network of Professionals in Transsexualism |date=Agustus 1994}}</ref> serta ''alyhaa'' dan ''hwamee'' di kebudayaan [[orang Mohave]].<ref name="straightmyth">{{cite journal|last=Parker |first=H. N. |year=2001 |url=http://muse.jhu.edu/article/2663 |title=The Myth of the Heterosexual: Anthropology and Sexuality for Classicists |journal=Arethusa |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=313-362 |doi=10.1353/are.2001.0016}}</ref> Secara umum, mereka disebut ''berdache''<ref name="berdacheglbtq">{{cite web|last=Stryker |first=S. |year=2004 |url=http://www.glbtqarchive.com/ssh/berdache_S.pdf |title=Berdache |website=glbtq Project |accessdate=2017-02-02}}</ref> atau ''[[Dua Roh|Two-Spirit]]'' (''Dua Roh'').<ref name="MedicineB">{{cite journal |last=Medicine |first=B. |year=2002 |url=http://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/orpc/vol3/iss1/2/ |title=Directions in Gender Research in American Indian Societies: Two Spirits and Other Categories |journal=Online Readings in Psychology and Culture |volume=3 |issue=1 |doi=10.9707/2307-0919.1024}}</ref> Kebudayaan [[Orang Zapotek|Zapotek]] memiliki gender ketiga yang disebut ''[[muxe]]''.<ref name="StephenL">{{cite journal |title=Sexualities and Genders in Zapotec Oaxaca |last=Stephen |first=L. |journal=[[Latin American Perspectives]] |publisher=[[Sage Publications]] |issn=0094-582X |volume=29 |issue=2 |year=2002 |pages=41–59 |doi=10.1177/0094582x0202900203 |jstor=3185126 |via=[[JSTOR]] |registration=y}}</ref>
== Melela ==
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