Varian SARS-CoV-2: Perbedaan antara revisi
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{{utama|501.V2 Variant}}
[[501.V2 Variant|Varian 501.V2]], disebut juga 20H/501Y.V2, VOC-202012/02, atau garis keturunan B.1.351,<ref name="CDC1">{{cite web|author=CDC|title=Emerging SARS-CoV-2 Variants|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/more/science-and-research/scientific-brief-emerging-variants.html|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us|access-date=4 Januari 2021}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> pertama kali terdeteksi di [[Afrika Selatan]] dan dilaporkan oleh departemen kesehatan negara itu pada tanggal 18 Desember 2020.<ref name="b1351nytimes">{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/19/world/south-africa-announces-a-new-coronavirus-variant.html |title=South Africa announces a new coronavirus variant |date=18 Desember 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=20 Desember 2020}}</ref> Peneliti dan pejabat melaporkan bahwa [[prevalensi]] varian tersebut lebih tinggi di antara orang muda tanpa penyebab yang jelas dan, dibandingkan dengan varian lain, varian ini lebih sering mengakibatkan penyakit serius dalam kasus tersebut.<ref name="b1351washingtonpost">{{cite web |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/south-africa-coronavirus-second-wave/2020/12/18/d4a51aec-3ff7-11eb-b58b-1623f6267960_story.html |last1=Wroughton |first1=Lesley |last2=Bearak |first2=Max |date=18 Desember 2020 |title=South Africa coronavirus: Second wave fueled by new strain, teen 'rage festivals' |work=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=20 Desember 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |last=Mkhize |first=Dr Zwelini |date=18 December 2020 |title=Update on Covid-19 (18th December 2020) |location=South Africa |agency=COVID-19 South African Online Portal |url=https://sacoronavirus.co.za/2020/12/18/update-on-covid-19-18th-december-2020/ |access-date=23 Desember 2020 |quote=Our clinicians have also warned us that things have changed and that younger, previously healthy people are now becoming very sick.}}</ref> Departemen Kesehatan Afrika Selatan juga mengindikasikan bahwa varian tersebut mungkin mendorong gelombang kedua [[Pandemi COVID-19 di Afrika Selatan|pandemi COVID-19]] di negara tersebut karena varian tersebut menyebar lebih cepat daripada varian virus sebelumnya lainnya.<ref name="b1351nytimes" /><ref name="b1351washingtonpost" />
=== Garis Keturunan B.1.617 ===
==== Garis Keturunan B.1.617.2 (Delta) ====
'''Varian Delta SARS-CoV-2''', juga dikenal sebagai '''B.1.617.2''',{{efn|Nama lainnya meliputi:<br />– '''G/452R.V3'''<ref>{{cite web |title=COVID-19 Weekly Epidemiological Update (2 May 2021) |url=https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/20210504_Weekly_Epi_Update_38.pdf |website=reliefweb.int |publisher=World Health Organization |access-date=6 May 2021}}</ref><br />– '''varian India'''}} adalah sebuah [[Varian SARS-CoV-2|varian]] [[SARS-CoV-2]] [[garis keturunan SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617|bergaris keturunan B.1.617]], [[virus]] yang menyebabkan [[COVID-19]].<ref name="gov.uk">{{cite news|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/confirmed-cases-of-covid-19-variants-identified-in-uk |title=Confirmed cases of COVID-19 variants identified in UK |website=www.gov.uk |date=15 April 2021 |access-date=2021-04-20}} {{OGL-attribution|version=3.0}}</ref> Varian tersebut dinamai varian Delta oleh WHO melalui sistem penamaan baru yang diperkenalkan pada 31 Mei 2021.<ref name=BBC.May.31.2021>{{cite news |title=Covid: WHO renames UK and other variants with Greek letters |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-57308592 |date=2021-05-31 |website=BBC News |access-date=2021-06-08}}</ref> Varian tersebut pertama kali terdeteksi di India pada akhir 2020.<ref name="GISAID">{{cite web |url=https://www.gisaid.org/hcov19-variants/ |title=Tracking of Variants |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=26 April 2021 |website=gisaid.org |publisher=[[GISAID]] |access-date=30 May 2021}}</ref><ref name="SMC1">{{cite web |title=Expert reaction to cases of variant B.1.617 (the 'Indian variant') being investigated in the UK |url=https://www.sciencemediacentre.org/expert-reaction-to-cases-of-variant-b-1-617-the-indian-variant-being-investigated-in-the-uk/ |website=Science Media Centre |access-date=20 April 2021}}</ref>
Varian ini bertanggung jawab terhadap sebagian peningkatan kasus pada [[Pandemi COVID-19 di India|gelombang kedua pandemi di India]] yang dimulai sejak Februari 2021.<ref name=":0">[https://www.cnbc.com/2021/05/11/india-covid-explainer-what-we-know-about-the-bpoint1point617-variant.html WHO labels a Covid strain in India as a ‘variant of concern’ — here’s what we know], CNBC, 11 May 2021.</ref><ref name=":1">[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-57067190 WHO says India Covid variant of 'global concern'], BBC News, 11 May 2021.</ref><ref>[https://science.thewire.in/health/covid-19-the-second-wave-may-not-be-the-last-but-which-one-will-be/ India’s second COVID-19 wave], The Wire Science, 22 April 2021.</ref>
== Mutasi penting ==
{{kembangkan bagian|date=Maret 2021}}
<!-- Daftar mutasi diurutkan berdasarkan posisi asam aminonya. -->
=== N439K ===
{{utama|N439K}}
Mutasi [[N439K]] berarti perubahan dari [[asparagina]] (N) menjadi [[lisina]] (K) pada posisi [[asam amino]] 439.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mercatelli |first1=Daniele |last2=Triboli |first2=Luca |last3=Fornasari |first3=Eleonora |last4=Ray |first4=Forest |last5=Giorgi |first5=Federico M. |date=18 November 2020 |title=Coronapp: A web application to annotate and monitor SARS‐CoV‐2 mutations |journal=Journal of Medical Virology |doi=10.1002/jmv.26678 |doi-access=free |language=en |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/jmv.26678}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zhou |first1=Wenyang |last2=Xu |first2=Chang |last3=Wang |first3=Pingping |last4=Luo |first4=Meng |last5=Xu |first5=Zhaochun |last6=Cheng |first6=Rui |last7=Jin |first7=Xiyun |last8=Guo |first8=Yu |last9=Xue |first9=Guangfu |last10=Juan |first10=Liran |last11=Nie |first11=Huan |last12=Jiang |first12=Qinghua |date=23 November 2020 |title=N439K variant in spike protein may alter the infection efficiency and antigenicity of SARS-CoV-2 based on molecular dynamics simulation |publisher=bioRxiv |doi=10.1101/2020.11.21.392407 |language=en}}</ref> Mutasi ini diyakini pertama kali ditemukan pada musim semi tahun 2020 di [[Skotlandia]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/oct/20/scientists-on-lookout-for-covid-mutations-which-cause-treatments-to-lose-potency |title=Hunt on for future Covid mutations that cause treatments to lose potency |date=20 Oktober 2020 |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en |access-date=23 Desember 2020}}</ref> Mutasi ini menghilang selama [[pembatasan sosial]] di negara tersebut. Namun, mutasi ini ditemukan pula di [[Rumania]], [[Norwegia]], [[Swiss]], [[Republik Irlandia|Irlandia]], [[Belgia]], [[Jerman]], dan [[Britania Raya]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/oct/20/scientists-on-lookout-for-covid-mutations-which-cause-treatments-to-lose-potency |editor=Ian Sample |date=20 Oktober 2020 |title=Hunt on for future Covid mutations that cause treatments to lose potency |work=[[The Guardian]] |issn=0261-3077 |language=en |access-date=23 Desember 2020}}</ref> Mutasi ini telah masuk ke [[Indonesia]] sejak bulan November 2020.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20210312132553-20-616673/eijkman-ungkap-48-kasus-mutasi-n439k-terdeteksi-di-indonesia |title=Eijkman Ungkap 48 Kasus Mutasi N439K Terdeteksi di Indonesia |date=12 Maret 2021 |work=[[CNN Indonesia]] |access-date=19 Maret 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://tirto.id/48-kasus-varian-baru-covid-19-n439k-ditemukan-di-indonesia-ga8w |author=Vincent Fabian Thomas |date=13 Maret 2021 |title=48 Kasus Varian Baru COVID-19 N439K Ditemukan di Indonesia |work=[[Tirto|Tirto.id]] |access-date=19 Maret 2021}}</ref>
=== E484K ===
{{utama|E484K}}
Mutasi [[E484K]] berarti perubahan dari [[asam glutamat]] (E) menjadi [[lisina]] (K) pada posisi [[asam amino]] 484.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-Mutations-of-SARS-CoV-2-are-Causing-Concern.aspx |last=Greenwood |first=Michael |date=15 Januari 2021 |title="What Mutations of SARS-CoV-2 are Causing Concern?" |website=News Medical Lifesciences |access-date=16 Januari 2021}}</ref> Mutasi ini dilaporkan termasuk mutasi kabur, yaitu mutasi yang memudahkan virus untuk kabur dari [[Sistem imun|sistem kekebalan tubuh]] inangnya,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://i-base.info/escape-mutation/ |title=escape mutation |date=11 Oktober 2012 |publisher=[[HIV i-Base]] |access-date=19 Februari 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Wise |first=Jacqui |date=5 Februari 2021 |title=Covid-19: The E484K mutation and the risks it poses |journal=[[The BMJ]] |volume=372 |page=n359 |issn=1756-1833 |s2cid=231821685 |doi=10.1136/bmj.n359 |doi-access=free |url=https://www.bmj.com/content/372/bmj.n359}}</ref> dari setidaknya satu bentuk [[antibodi monoklonal]] terhadap SARS-CoV-2.<ref name="NIIDJan2021">{{cite press release |author=<!--(tidak ada)--> |date=12 Januari 2021 |title=Brief report: New Variant Strain of SARS-CoV-2 Identified in Travelers from Brazil |location=Jepang |publisher=NIID (National Institute of Infectious Diseases) |url=https://www.niid.go.jp/niid/images/epi/corona/covid19-33-en-210112.pdf |access-date=14 Januari 2021}}</ref> Mutasi E484K ada dalam varian garis keturunan P.1 ([[Jepang]] dan [[Manaus]]),<ref name="virological2021">{{cite web |url=https://virological.org/t/genomic-characterisation-of-an-emergent-sars-cov-2-lineage-in-manaus-preliminary-findings/586 |title=Genomic characterisation of an emergent SARS-CoV-2 lineage in Manaus: preliminary findings |date=12 Januari 2021 |website=Virological |language=en |access-date=23 Januari 2021}}</ref> garis keturunan P.2 ([[Brazil]], juga dikenal dengan B.1.1.248),<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Voloch |first1=Carolina M. |last2=F |first2=Ronaldo da Silva |last3=Almeida |first3=Luiz G. P. de |last4=Cardoso |first4=Cynthia C. |last5=Brustolini |first5=Otavio J. |last6=Gerber |first6=Alexandra L. |last7=Guimarães |first7=Ana Paula de C. |last8=Mariani |first8=Diana |last9=Costa |first9=Raissa Mirella da |last10=Ferreira |first10=Orlando C. |last11=Workgroup |first11=Covid19-UFRJ |date=26 Desember 2020 |title=Genomic characterization of a novel SARS-CoV-2 lineage from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil |journal=Le Phare de l'Esperanto |via=MedRxiv |language=en |issn=2024-8598 |s2cid=229379623 |doi=10.1101/2020.12.23.20248598 |url=https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.23.20248598v1}}</ref> dan varian 501.V2 ([[Afrika Selatan]]).<ref name="NIIDJan2021" /> Mutasi ini telah masuk ke Indonesia sejak bulan Februari 2021.<ref>{{cite news |last=Alam |first=Sarah Oktaviani |date=6 April 2021 |title=Mutasi 'Eek' Masuk Indonesia, Ini Dampaknya pada Efikasi Vaksin COVID-19 |work=[[detik.com|detikHealth]] |url=https://health.detik.com/berita-detikhealth/d-5522143/mutasi-eek-masuk-indonesia-ini-dampaknya-pada-efikasi-vaksin-covid-19 |access-date=8 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Arbi |first=Ivany Atina |date=6 April 2021 |title=Kasus Mutasi Virus Corona E484K 'Eek' Ditemukan di Jakarta, Apa Itu? |work=[[Kompas.com]] |url=https://megapolitan.kompas.com/read/2021/04/06/14395311/kasus-mutasi-virus-corona-e484k-eek-ditemukan-di-jakarta-apa-itu?page=all |access-date=8 April 2021}}</ref>
=== N501Y ===
Mutasi N501Y berarti perubahan dari [[asparagina]] (N) menjadi [[tirosina]] (Y) pada posisi [[asam amino]] 501.<ref>{{cite report |title=COG-UK update on SARS-CoV-2 Spike mutations of special interest: Report 1 |date=20 December 2020 |publisher=COVID-19 Genomics UK Consortium (COG-UK) |page=7 |url=https://www.cogconsortium.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Report-1_COG-UK_20-December-2020_SARS-CoV-2-Mutations_final_updated2.pdf |access-date=31 Desember 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201225050316/https://www.cogconsortium.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Report-1_COG-UK_20-December-2020_SARS-CoV-2-Mutations_final_updated2.pdf |archive-date=25 Desember 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Mutasi ini diyakini dapat meningkatkan kemampuan virus untuk mengikat sel manusia.<ref name="Chand2020">{{cite report|last1=Chand|first7=Erik|url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/947048/Technical_Briefing_VOC_SH_NJL2_SH2.pdf|publisher=[[Public Health England]]|title=Investigation of novel SARS-COV-2 variant: Variant of Concern 202012/01|date=21 Desember 2020|first10=Jeff|last10=Barrett|first9=Andrew|last9=Rambaut|first8=Nick|last8=Loman|last7=Volz|first1=Meera|first6=Neil|last6=Ferguson|first5=Wendy|last5=Barclay|first4=Christina|last4=Achison|first3=Gavin|last3=Dabrera|first2=Susan|last2=Hopkins|access-date=23 Desember 2020}}</ref> Mutasi N501Y ada dalam varian P.1 ([[Jepang]] dan [[Brazil]]),<ref name="NIIDJan2021" /><ref name="virological2021" /> Variant of Concern 202012/01 ([[Britania Raya]]), 501.V2 ([[Afrika Selatan]]), dan COH.20G/501Y ([[Columbus, Ohio]]).
== Catatan ==
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