Kereta kecepatan tinggi: Perbedaan antara revisi
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
Neverland14 (bicara | kontrib) memperbaiki sejarah, memperbaiki multiple images, menambah jaringan |
Neverland14 (bicara | kontrib) menambah Daftar jalur kereta, menambah tabel, menambah galeri, menambah referensi |
||
Baris 25:
[[Berkas:ICE 3 Fahlenbach.jpg|kiri|jmpl|Kereta [[Intercity-Express|ICE]] di Jerman]]
Sedangkan di [[Jerman]] dengan nama [[Intercity-Express]] (ICE), pengembangan dimulai pada tahun [[1982]] dan jalur pertama dibuka tahun [[1991]] yang menghubungkan [[Hamburg]]-[[Frankfurt]]-[[München]]. Beroperasi pada kecepatan tertinggi 280 km/jam, kereta ICE Jerman mirip dengan TGV, dengan mobil listrik khusus yang disederhanakan di kedua ujungnya. Berbeda dengan TGV, trailer ICE memiliki dua bogie konvensional per gerbong, dan dapat dilepas, memungkinkan kereta diperpanjang atau diperpendek. Pengenalan ini merupakan hasil dari studi sepuluh tahun dengan prototipe ICE-V, awalnya disebut Intercity Experimental, yang memecahkan rekor kecepatan dunia pada tahun 1988, mencapai 406 km/jam (252 mph).
[[Berkas:CR400BF-C-5140 at Beijing North Station.jpg|jmpl|Kereta [[Fuxing|CR400BF-C
Kereta api berkecepatan tinggi diperkenalkan di [[Tiongkok]] pada tahun 2003 dengan kereta api berkecepatan tinggi Qinhuangdao–Shenyang. Pemerintah Tiongkok menjadikan konstruksi kereta api kecepatan tinggi sebagai landasan program stimulus ekonominya untuk memerangi dampak [[Krisis finansial 2007–2012|krisis keuangan global 2008]] dan hasilnya adalah perkembangan pesat sistem kereta api Tiongkok menjadi kereta api berkecepatan tinggi paling ekstensif di dunia. jaringan. Pada tahun 2013 sistem ini memiliki 11.028 km (6.852 mil) jalur operasional, terhitung sekitar setengah dari total dunia pada saat itu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=中国高铁总里程达11028公里占世界一半-搜狐财经|url=https://business.sohu.com/20140305/n396105235.shtml|website=business.sohu.com|access-date=2021-09-15}}</ref> Pada akhir 2018, total kereta api kecepatan tinggi di Tiongkok telah meningkat menjadi lebih dari 29.000 kilometer (18.000 mil).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-01-03|title=Full speed ahead for China’s high-speed rail network in 2019|url=https://www.scmp.com/economy/china-economy/article/2180562/full-speed-ahead-chinas-high-speed-rail-network-2019-bid-boost|website=South China Morning Post|language=en|access-date=2021-09-15}}</ref> Lebih dari 1.713 miliar perjalanan dilakukan pada tahun 2017, lebih dari setengah dari total pengiriman penumpang kereta api Tiongkok, menjadikannya jaringan kereta cepat tersibuk di dunia<ref>{{Cite web|title=2017年中国铁路投资8010亿元 投产新线3038公里-中新网|url=http://www.chinanews.com/cj/2018/01-02/8414612.shtml|website=www.chinanews.com|access-date=2021-09-15}}</ref>
Baris 74:
Dengan £309 juta per mil, jalur High Speed 2 Inggris—saat ini sedang dibangun—adalah jalur berkecepatan tinggi termahal di dunia pada tahun 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-02-03|title=At £307m per mile of track, can the cost of HS2 be justified?|url=http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2020/feb/03/at-307m-per-mile-of-track-can-the-cost-of-hs2-be-justified|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=2021-09-15}}</ref>
== Daftar jalur kereta kecepatan tinggi ==
Tabel berikut adalah ikhtisar rel kecepatan tinggi dalam pelayanan atau dalam pembangunan berdasarkan negara, diurutkan berdasarkan jumlah pelayanan. Tabel ini menunjukkan semua jalur kecepatan tinggi (kecepatan 200 km/jam atau lebih) dalam pelayanan. Daftar ini didasarkan pada angka UIC ([[Uni Kereta Api Internasional]]),<ref>{{Cite web|last=railways|first=UIC-International union of|date=2021-09-17|title=Intercity and High-Speed|url=https://uic.org/passenger/highspeed/|website=UIC - International union of railways|language=en|access-date=2021-09-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-05-25|title=Wayback Machine|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180525204848/https://uic.org/IMG/pdf/20180420_high_speed_lines_in_the_world.pdf|website=web.archive.org|access-date=2021-09-17}}</ref> diperbarui dengan sumber lain.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Le réseau des lignes de chemin de fer à grande vitesse en Europe|url=https://www.citrap-vaud.ch/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/ListeGV21.4.18.pdf}}</ref>
=== Dalam layanan ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No.
! width="110" |Negara/Wilayah
!Benua
! data-sort-type="number" style="width: 70px" |Dalam operasional
(km)
!Dalam pembangunan
(km)
! style="width: 70px" |Total
(km)
!Kecepatan maks.
(km/jam)
![[Elektrifikasi perkeretaapian|Elektrifkasi]]
![[Lebar jalur kereta api|Lebar jalur]](mm)
|-
|1
|{{flag|Tiongkok}}
|[[Asia]]
| align="right" |37.900<ref>https://www.railjournal.com/in_depth/the-high-speed-revolution</ref>
| align="right" |32.100
| align="right" |70.000<ref>https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Transportation/China-charges-full-speed-ahead-on-bullet-train-expansion</ref>
| align="right" |350<ref>{{Cite web|title=China restores bullet train speed to 350 km/h - Xinhua {{!}} English.news.cn|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2017-09/22/c_136628785.htm|website=www.xinhuanet.com|access-date=2018-03-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=China begins to restore 350 kmh bullet train - Xinhua {{!}} English.news.cn|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2017-09/21/c_136625952.htm|website=www.xinhuanet.com|access-date=2018-03-10}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite web|title=China Just Relaunched the World's Fastest Train|url=http://fortune.com/2017/08/21/china-world-fastest-train|website=Fortune.com/|access-date=September 1, 2017}}</ref><ref>in 2011–2017 period the limit have been decreased from 350 to 300 and from 250 to at all tracks after train crash</ref>
| align="right" |25 kV 50 Hz
| align="right" |1435
|-
|2
|{{flag|Spanyol}}
|[[Eropa]]
| align="right" |4.207,7
| align="right" |1.497,4
| align="right" |5.705,1<ref>{{cite web|date=March 9, 2019|title=High-speed rail in Europe|url=https://en.wiki-indonesia.club/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail_in_Europe&oldid=886914458|access-date=March 13, 2019|via=Wikipedia}}</ref>
| align="right" |310
| align="right" |3 kV DC;
25 kV 50 Hz
| align="right" |1435;
1668
|-
| rowspan="2" |3
| rowspan="2" |{{flag|Prancis}}
| rowspan="2" |Eropa
| align="right" |2.734
| rowspan="2" align="right" |560,1
| rowspan="2" align="right" |4.536,867
| align="right" |320<ref>574.8 km/h record</ref>
| align="right" |25 kV 50 Hz
| rowspan="2" align="right" |1435
|-
| align="right" |1.242,767
| align="right" |220
| align="right" |1.5 kV DC,
25 kV 50 Hz
|-
| rowspan="2" |4
| rowspan="2" |{{flag|Jerman}}
| rowspan="2" |Eropa
| align="right" |1.267
| rowspan="2" align="right" |3.321,83
| rowspan="2" align="right" |6.225,83
| align="right" |300
| rowspan="2" align="right" |15 kV 16.7 Hz;
Diesel (before 2017)
| rowspan="2" align="right" |1435
|-
| align="right" |1.885,4
| align="right" |250
|-
|5
|{{flag|Jepang}}
|Asia
| align="right" |2.764,6<ref>Excludes 42.8 km of Yamanashi test track to start demonstrating operation for tourists in 2020</ref>
| align="right" |657,1
| align="right" |3.421,7<ref>including Maglev under construction</ref>
| align="right" |320<ref>To be increased to 360 km/h in next few years; unconventional lines under construction will be even faster.</ref>
| align="right" |25 kV 50 Hz,
25 kV 60 Hz
| align="right" |1435; {{nobr|[[Seikan tunnel|1435&1067 dual]]}}
|-
|6
|{{flag|Italia}}
|Eropa
| align="right" |2.017,7
| align="right" |965,24
| align="right" |2.982,94
| align="right" |300
| align="right" |3 kV DC,
25 kV 50 Hz
| align="right" |1435
|-
| rowspan="2" |7
| rowspan="2" |{{flag|Britania Raya}}
| rowspan="2" |Eropa
| align="right" |108
| rowspan="2" align="right" |630
| rowspan="2" align="right" |2.552,7
| align="right" |300<ref>international trains only</ref>
| rowspan="2" align="right" |25 kV 50 Hz AC;
Diesel (atau dual);
3 kV DC Third-Rail (hanya di persimpangan)
| align="right" |1435
|-
| align="right" |1.814,7
| align="right" |201<ref>400 km/h under construction. Some lines will be increased from 205 to 225 km/h after re-signaling; East Coast Mainline trains are permitted to go at 225 km/h instead of 200 km/h in case of delay.</ref>
| align="right" |1435
|-
|8
|{{flag|Swedia}}
|Eropa
| align="right" |1.706<ref>{{cite web|title=High-Speed Rail Passenger Traffic Density Statistics|url=http://publicpolicy-yhs.wikispaces.com/file/view/HSRtrafficdensity2010.pdf|website=Publicpolicy-yhs.wikispaces.com|access-date=August 21, 2017}}</ref>
| align="right" |718,5
| align="right" |2.424,5
| align="right" |205<ref>250 km/h ready; 205 km/h is permitted when 200 km/h trains are delayed</ref>
| align="right" |15 kV 16.7 Hz
| align="right" |1435
|-
|9
|{{flag|Korea Selatan}}
|Asia
| align="right" |1.193,6
| align="right" |712,585
| align="right" |1.906,585
| align="right" |305<ref>to be sped-up to 360 km/h in next few years</ref>
| align="right" |25 kV 60 Hz
| align="right" |1435
|-
| rowspan="2" |10
| rowspan="2" |{{flag|Turki}}
| rowspan="2" |Asia
| align="right" |1.015
| align="right" |508
| rowspan="2" align="right" |2.175
| align="right" |300
| rowspan="2" align="right" |25 kV 50 Hz
| rowspan="2" align="right" |1435
|-
| align="right" |102
| align="right" |550
| align="right" |200
|-
|11
|{{flag|Rusia}}
|Eropa
| align="right" |807
| align="right" |1.100<ref name="themoscowtimes.com">https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2019/10/23/russias-new-high-speed-rail-route-to-cost-36bln-a67866</ref>
| align="right" |1.907
| align="right" |250<ref>400 km/h under planning; 250 km/h at short part of route; most of tracks are 140–200 km/h</ref>
| align="right" |3 kV DC,
25 kV 50 Hz (setelah 2024)
| align="right" |1520
|-
|12
|{{flag|Yunani}}
|Eropa
| align="right" |700
| align="right" |695
| align="right" |1.395
| align="right" |200<ref>at some stretches, upgrading of others is still going on</ref>
| align="right" |25 kV 50 Hz
| align="right" |1435
|-
|13
|{{flag|Finlandia}}
|Eropa
| align="right" |625
| align="right" |201
| align="right" |826
| align="right" |220
| align="right" |25 kV 50 Hz
| align="right" |1524<ref>Rolling stock is ready to be used on 1520 mm network abroad</ref>
|-
|14
|{{flag|Uzbekistan}}
|Asia
| align="right" |600
| align="right" |50
| align="right" |650
| align="right" |250
| align="right" |25 kV 50 Hz
| align="right" |1520
|-
|15
|{{flag|Arab Saudi}}
|Asia
| align="right" |453
| align="right" |2,354
| align="right" |2.807
| align="right" |300
| align="right" |25 kV 50 Hz
| align="right" |1435
|-
|16
|{{flag|Belgia}}
|Eropa
| align="right" |354,8
| align="right" |147,9
| align="right" |502,7
| align="right" |300
| align="right" |3 kV DC,
25 kV 50 Hz
| align="right" |1435
|-
|17
|{{flag|Polandia}}
|Eropa
| align="right" |352
| align="right" |411,457
| align="right" |764,657
| align="right" |200
| align="right" |3 kV DC
| align="right" |1435
|-
|18
|{{flag|Taiwan}}
|Asia
| align="right" |348
| align="right" |54,6<ref>https://www.railjournal.com/infrastructure/taiwan-approves-alignment-of-yilan-high-speed-extension/</ref>
| align="right" |402,6
| align="right" |300
| align="right" |25 kV 60 Hz
| align="right" |1435
|-
|19
|{{flag|Amerika Serikat}}
|[[Amerika Utara]]
| align="right" |301
| align="right" |1.789,3
| align="right" |2.151,3
| align="right" |240
<ref name=":0">200–239 km/h is not high-speed by American classification</ref><ref name=":1">260 km/h since 2019</ref>
| align="right" |12 kV 25 Hz,
12 kV 60 Hz,
25 kV 60 Hz;
Diesel (atau dual)
| align="right" |1435
|-
|20
|{{flag|Portugal}}
|Eropa
| align="right" |227
| align="right" |626
| align="right" |853
| align="right" |220
| align="right" |25 kV 50 Hz
| align="right" |1668
|-
|21
|{{flag|Austria}}
|Eropa
| align="right" |192,764
| align="right" |231,37
| align="right" |424,134
| align="right" |250
| align="right" |15 kV 16.7 Hz
| align="right" |1435
|-
|22
|{{flag|Maroko}}
|[[Afrika]]
| align="right" |186<ref>{{cite web|last=Ltd|first=DVV Media International|title=Africa's first high speed line inaugurated|url=https://www.railwaygazette.com/news/news/africa/single-view/view/africas-first-high-speed-line-inaugurated.html|website=Railway Gazette|access-date=March 13, 2019}}</ref>
| align="right" |1.287
| align="right" |1.473
| align="right" |320
| align="right" |25 kV 50 Hz
| align="right" |1435
|-
|23
|{{flag|Norwegia}}
|Eropa
| align="right" |139,5
| align="right" |459,55
| align="right" |599,5
| align="right" |210
| align="right" |15 kV 16.7 Hz
| align="right" |1435
|-
|24
|{{flag|Belanda}}
|Eropa
| align="right" |125
| align="right" |166,8
| align="right" |291,8
| align="right" |300<ref>international services only, local high-speed trains [[V250 (train)|were failed to launch]]</ref>
| align="right" |1.5 kV DC,
25 kV 50 Hz
| align="right" |1435
|-
|25
|{{flag|Swiss}}
|Eropa
| align="right" |49,97
| align="right" |431,4
| align="right" |481,37
| align="right" |250
| align="right" |15 kV 16.7 Hz
| align="right" |1435
|-
|26
|{{flag|Denmark}}
|Eropa
| align="right" |5
| align="right" |766,8
| align="right" |771,8
| align="right" |200
| align="right" |25 kV 50 Hz;
Diesel (sebelum 2017)
| align="right" |1435
|}
<gallery widths="140">
Berkas:CR400BF-0507@TJI (20200426151831).jpg|Kereta cepat [[Fuxing (kereta)|CR400BF]] di Tiongkok
Berkas:JRE-TEC-E5 omiya.JPG|Kereta cepat [[Shinkansen seri E5|Shinkansen E5]] di Jepang
Berkas:KTX-Sancheon.jpg|Kereta cepat [[KTX]] di Korea Selatan
Berkas:TGV-Paris.Gare.de.Lyon.2007.JPG|Kereta cepat [[Train à Grande Vitesse|TGV]] di Prancis
Berkas:ICE neu.jpg|Kereta cepat [[Intercity-Express|ICE]] di Jerman
Berkas:Elettrotreno ETR.400.jpg|Kereta cepat [[Frecciarossa 1000|ETR-1000]] di Italia
Berkas:ICNG - Rotterdam Centraal.jpg|Kereta cepat [[NS Intercity Nieuwe Generatie|NS ICNG]] di Belanda
Berkas:Bullet-Train.jpg|Kereta cepat [[Sapsan]] di Rusia
Berkas:AVE in spain.jpg|Kereta cepat [[AVE]] di Spanyol
Berkas:Acela old saybrook ct summer2011.jpg|Kereta cepat [[Kereta Api Acela|Acela]] di Amerika Serikat
</gallery>
=== Dalam pembangunan ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Rank
! width="160" |Negara/Wilayah
!Benua
!Dalam pembangunan
(km)<ref>Including ones to be under construction next 1 year</ref>
!Total
(km)
(termasuk yang jadi)
!Kecepatan maks.
(km/jam)
![[Elektrifikasi perkeretaapian|Elektrifikasi]]
![[Lebar jalur kereta api|Lebar jalur]](mm)
|-
|1
|{{flag|Kuwait}}; {{flag|Bahrain}}; {{flag|Qatar}}; {{flag|UEA}}; {{flag|Oman}}
|[[Asia]]
| align="right" |1.544
| align="right" |1.544
| align="right" |220
| align="right" |No
| align="right" |1435
|-
|2
|{{flag|India}}
|Asia
| align="right" |1.268
| align="right" |15.894
| align="right" |320
| align="right" |25 kV 50 Hz
3 kV
| align="right" |1435
1676
|-
|3
|{{flag|Mesir}}<ref name="railjournal.com">{{cite web|title=19 rail projects to watch in 2019|url=https://www.railjournal.com/in_depth/19-rail-projects-to-watch-in-2019/}}</ref>
|[[Afrika]]
| align="right" |1.000
| align="right" |1.000
| align="right" |250
| align="right" |25 kV 50 Hz
| align="right" |1435
|-
|4
|{{flag|Iran}}
|Asia
| align="right" |926<ref>https://railpage.com.au/news/s/tehran--mashhad-electrification-loan-signed</ref>
| align="right" |1.336
| align="right" |300
| align="right" |25 kV 50 Hz
| align="right" |1435
|-
|5
|{{flag|Ukraina}}
|[[Eropa]]
| align="right" |900
| align="right" |2.000
| align="right" |250
| align="right" |25 kV 50 Hz
| align="right" |1435
|-
|6
|{{flag|Estonia}}{{flag|Latvia}}{{flag|Lithuania}}
|Eropa
| align="right" |870
| align="right" |1.050,8
| align="right" |249
| align="right" |25 kV 50 Hz
| align="right" |1435
|-
|7
|{{flag|Thailand}}
|Asia
| align="right" |721
| align="right" |2.566
| align="right" |300+
| align="right" |25 kV 50 Hz
| align="right" |1435
|-
|8
|{{flag|Irak}}
|Asia
| align="right" |650<ref>https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-13909905</ref>
| align="right" |650
| align="right" |250
| align="right" |No
| align="right" |1435
|-
|9
|{{flag|Ceko}}
|Eropa
| align="right" |463,72
| align="right" |660
| align="right" |200
| align="right" |3 kV DC
25 kV 50 Hz
| align="right" |1435
|-
|10
|{{flag|Romania}}
|Eropa
| align="right" |457
| align="right" |1.568
| align="right" |250
| align="right" |25 kV 50 Hz
| align="right" |1435
|-
|11
|{{flag|Hongaria}}
|Eropa
| align="right" |392
| align="right" |392
| align="right" |200
| align="right" |25 kV 50 Hz
| align="right" |1435
|-
|12
|{{flag|Serbia}}
|Eropa
| align="right" |388
| align="right" |388
| align="right" |200
| align="right" |25 kV 50 Hz
| align="right" |1435
|-
|13
|{{flag|Irlandia}}
|Eropa
| align="right" |266
| align="right" |876
| align="right" |225
| align="right" |Tidak (hingga tahun 2030)
| align="right" |1600
|-
|14
|{{flag|Bangladesh}}
|Asia
| align="right" |230
| align="right" |230
| align="right" |200
| align="right" |25 kV 50 Hz
| align="right" |1435
|-
|15
|{{flag|Indonesia}}
|Asia
| align="right" |142,3
| align="right" |142.3
| align="right" |300-350
| align="right" |25 kV 50 Hz
| align="right" |1435
|-
|16
|{{flag|Slovenia}}
|Eropa
| align="right" |133
| align="right" |133
| align="right" |200
| align="right" |25 kV 50 Hz
| align="right" |1435
|-
|17
|{{flag|Australia}}
|[[Oseania]]
| align="right" |75
| align="right" |1.000+
| align="right" |250
| align="right" |25 kV 50 Hz
| align="right" |1435
|-
|18
|{{flag|Slovakia}}
|Eropa
| align="right" |57,8
| align="right" |57.8
| align="right" |200
| align="right" |25 kV 50 Hz
| align="right" |1435
|-
|19
|{{flag|Vietnam}}
|Asia
| align="right" |0
| align="right" |2.251
| align="right" |350
| align="right" |25 kV 50 Hz
| align="right" |1435
|-
|20
|{{flag|Kazakhstan}}
|Asia
| align="right" |0
| align="right" |1.011
| align="right" |350
| align="right" |25 kV 50 Hz
| align="right" |1520
|-
|21
|{{flag|Kanada}}
|[[Amerika Utara]]
| align="right" |0
| align="right" |285<ref>https://dailyhive.com/vancouver/mountain-valley-express-vancouver-whistler-chilliwack-high-speed-rail</ref>
| align="right" |400
| align="right" |25 kV 50 Hz
| align="right" |1435
|-
|22
|{{flag|Kroasia}}
|Eropa
| align="right" |0
| align="right" |269
| align="right" |250
| align="right" |25 kV 50 Hz
| align="right" |1435
|-
|23
|{{flag|Israel}}
|Asia
| align="right" |0
| align="right" |244<ref>https://en.globes.co.il/en/article-the-goal-tel-aviv-to-beersheva-by-train-in-35-minutes-1001349730</ref>
| align="right" |250
| align="right" |Tidak diketahui
| align="right" |1435
|-
|24
|{{flag|Meksiko}}
|Amerika Utara
| align="right" |0
| align="right" |210
| align="right" |300
| align="right" |25 kV 50 Hz
| align="right" |1435
|-
|25
|{{flag|Selandia Baru}}
|Oseania
| align="right" |0
| align="right" |110<ref>https://www.stuff.co.nz/business/industries/122555798/multibilliondollar-cost-of-hamilton-to-auckland-rapid-rail-service-revealed</ref>
| align="right" |250
| align="right" |25 kV 50 Hz
| align="right" |1435
|-
|26
|{{flag|Luksemburg}}
|Eropa
| align="right" |0
| align="right" |12
| align="right" |250
| align="right" |25 kV 50 Hz
| align="right" |1435
|}
== Lihat pula ==
Baris 80 ⟶ 657:
* ''[[Shinkansen]]'', nama kereta berkecepatan tinggi di Jepang
== Referensi ==
[[Kategori:Kereta api]]
<references />
[[Kategori:Kereta kecepatan tinggi]]
| |||