Bahasa Proto-Armenia: Perbedaan antara revisi

|+Konsonan [[Bahasa Proto-Indo-Eropa|PIE]] dalam bahasa Armenia<ref>{{Cite book|title=A Grammatical Sketch Of Classical Armenian|url=https://archive.org/details/grammaticalsketc00mata|last=Matasovic|first=Ranko|year=2009|location=Zagreb|pages=10–15[https://archive.org/details/grammaticalsketc00mata/page/n9 10]–15}}</ref>

Asal-usul bahasa Proto-Armenia masih menjadi bahan perdebatan ilmiah. Meskipun [[hipotesis Armenia]] mendalilkan bahasa Armenia sebagai pengembangan ''in situ'' dari bahasa Proto-Indo-Eropa pada milenium ke-3 SM,<ref name="See Gamkrelidze 19953">{{cite book|last1=Gamkrelidze|first1=Tamaz V.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M2aqp2n2mKkC&pg=RA1-PR4|title=Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans: A Reconstruction and Historical Analysis of a Proto-Language and Proto-Culture. Part I: The Text. Part II: Bibliography, Indexes|last2=Ivanov|first2=Vyacheslav|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|year=1995|isbn=978-3-11-081503-0|author-link1=Tamaz V. Gamkrelidze|author-link2=Vyacheslav Ivanov (philologist)}}</ref> [[hipotesis Kurgan]] yang lebih populer menunjukkan bahwa bahasa itu tiba di Dataran Tinggi Armenia dari [[Balkan]] ataupun [[Kaukasus]]. Perpindahan penduduk yang menuturkan bahasa Proto-Armenia ke [[Dataran Tinggi Armenia]] diperkirakan terjadi sekitar waktu [[Keruntuhan Zaman Perunggu Akhir|keruntuhan Zaman Perunggu]] (sekitar 1200 SM).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mallory|first=J. P.|title=Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaindo00mall|last2=Adams|first2=Douglas Q.|date=1997|publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn|isbn=978-1884964985|location=London|pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaindo00mall/page/30 30]|oclc=37931209|quote=Armenian presence in their historical seats should then be sought at some time before c 600 BC; ... Armenian phonology, for instance, appears to have been greatly affected by Urartian, which may suggest a long period of bilingualism.}}</ref><ref name="archive.org2">Greppin, John A.C. and Igor Diakonoff ''Some Effects of the Hurro-Urartian People and Their Languages upon the Earliest Armenians'', Oct–Dec 1991, pp. 727.[https://archive.org/stream/SomeEffectsOfTheHurro_urartianPeopleAndTheirLanguagesUponTheEarliest/GreppinAndDiakonof1991someEffectsOfTheHurro-urartianPeopleAndTheirLanguagesUponThe_djvu.txt]</ref>

Salah satu teori tentang munculnya bahasa Armenia di daerah tersebut adalah bahwa pemukim penutur [[Bahasa Paleo-Balkan|Paleo-Balkan]] berhubungan dengan [[suku Frigia]] ([[Musyki]] atau secara kurang populer bernama [[Bangsa Armenia-Frigia|Armenia-Frigia]]), yang telah menetap di bagian barat wilayah itu sebelum [[Urartu|Kerajaan Van]] didirikan di Urartu,<ref name="SAE">{{in lang|hy}} Katvalyan, M. and Karo Ghafadaryan. ''Ուրարտու'' [Urartu]. [[Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia]]. Yerevan: Armenian Academy of Sciences, 1986, vol. 12, pp. 276–283.</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Samuelian|first=Thomas J.|title=Armenian origins: an overview of ancient and modern sources and theories|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E6otAQAAIAAJ|year=2000|publisher=Iravunq Pub. House}}</ref><ref>[https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Asia/Armenia/_Texts/KURARM/Chronology*.html Uchicago.edu]</ref> telah menjadi pejabat penguasa di bawah pemerintahan [[Bangsa Mede|Kekaisaran Media]], diikuti oleh [[Kekaisaran Akhemeniyah]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Redgate|first=Anne Elizabeth|author-link=Elizabeth Redgate|title=The Armenians|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e3nef10a3UcC|year=2000|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-0-631-22037-4}}, p. 50</ref> Keberadaan kata-kata serapan [[bahasa Urartu]] dalam [[bahasa Armenia]] dan kata-kata serapan Armenia dalam bahasa Urartu<ref>Petrosyan, Armen. ''The Armenian Elements in the Language and Onomastics of Urartu''. Aramazd: Armenian Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 2010. (https://www.academia.edu/2939663/The_Armenian_Elements_in_the_Language_and_Onomastics_of_Urartu)</ref> menunjukkan kontak awal antara dua bahasa yang telah berlangsung lama.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaindo00mall|date=1997|publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn|others=Mallory, J. P., Adams, Douglas Q.|isbn=978-1884964985|location=London|pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaindo00mall/page/30 30]|oclc=37931209|quote=Armenian presence in their historical seats should then be sought at some time before c 600 BC; ... Armenian phonology, for instance, appears to have been greatly affected by Urartian, which may suggest a long period of bilingualism.}}</ref><ref name="archive.org">Greppin, John A.C. and Igor Diakonoff ''Some Effects of the Hurro-Urartian People and Their Languages upon the Earliest Armenians'', Oct-Dec 1991, pp. 727.[https://archive.org/stream/SomeEffectsOfTheHurro_urartianPeopleAndTheirLanguagesUponTheEarliest/GreppinAndDiakonof1991someEffectsOfTheHurro-urartianPeopleAndTheirLanguagesUponThe_djvu.txt]</ref>

Temuan terbaru dalam genetika Armenia mengungkapkan percampuran besar kelompok-kelompok dari 3000-an SM sampai runtuhnya Zaman Perunggu. Percampuran bangsa secara drastis bertahan hingga kira-kira tahun 1200 SM, setelah itu DNA orang Armenia tetap stabil, yang sepertinya disebabkan oleh orang-orang Armenia yang tinggal di daerah yang sangat terpencil, dan kemudian ditopang oleh kekhasan budaya/bahasa/agama yang bertahan hingga hari ini.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/ejhg2015206|title=Genetic evidence for an origin of the Armenians from Bronze Age mixing of multiple populations {{!}} European Journal of Human Genetics|date=2019-12-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230172407/https://www.nature.com/articles/ejhg2015206|access-date=2019-12-30|archive-date=2019-12-30}}</ref> Hubungan antara Musyki dan Armenia tidak jelas karena tidak ada yang diketahui tentang bahasa Musyki. Beberapa sarjana modern telah menolak hubungan linguistik langsung dengan Proto-Armenia jika Musyki adalah bangsa [[Trakia]] atau [[Frigia]].<ref name="Vavroušek P. 2010 129">{{cite book|author=Vavroušek P.|title=Jazyky starého Orientu|date=2010|publisher=Univerzita Karlova v Praze|isbn=978-80-7308-312-0|location=Praha|pages=129|chapter=Frýžština}}</ref><ref name="Adams4192">{{cite book|author=J. P. Mallory, Douglas Q. Adams.|title=Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaindo00mall|date=1997|publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers|isbn=9781884964985|location=London|pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaindo00mall/page/419 419]}}</ref><ref name="Brixhe72">{{cite book|author=Brixhe C.|title=The Ancient Languages of Asia Minor|date=2008|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=New York|pages=72|chapter=Phrygian}}</ref><ref>''Kim Ronald I.'' [https://www.academia.edu/37844906 Greco-Armenian. The persistence of a myth] // Indogermanische Forschungen. — 2018. — 123. Band. — S. 247–271.</ref> Selain itu, temuan terbaru dalam penelitian genetika tidak mendukung pencampuran yang signifikan ke negara Armenia setelah 1200 SM, membuat Musyki, jika mereka bermigrasi dari asalnya di Balkan atau Anatolia barat selama atau setelah keruntuhan Zaman Perunggu, merupakan hipotesis yang lemah untuk asal-usul Proto-Armenia.<ref name="genetics">{{cite journal|last1=Haber|first1=Marc|last2=Mezzavilla|first2=Massimo|last3=Xue|first3=Yali|last4=Comas|first4=David|last5=Gasparini|first5=Paolo|last6=Zalloua|first6=Pierre|last7=Tyler-Smith|first7=Chris|year=2015|title=Genetic evidence for an origin of the Armenians from Bronze Age mixing of multiple populations|journal=European Journal of Human Genetics|volume=24|issue=6|pages=931–6|biorxiv=10.1101/015396|doi=10.1038/ejhg.2015.206|pmc=4820045|pmid=26486470}}</ref><ref name="nyt">{{Cite news|last1=Wade|first1=Nicholas|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/11/science/study-backs-5th-century-historians-date-for-founding-of-armenia.html?_r=0|title=Date of Armenia's Birth, Given in 5th Century, Gains Credence|date=2015-03-10|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Namun, karena orang lain telah menempatkan (setidaknya di Timur) tanah air Musyki di Dataran Tinggi Armenia dan wilayah Kaukasus Selatan, ada kemungkinan bahwa setidaknya beberapa Musyki adalah penutur bahasa Armenia atau penutur bahasa yang terkait erat.<ref name="The Mushki Problem Reconsidered2">[http://smea.isma.cnr.it/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Kossian_The-Mushki-problem-Reconsidered.pdf%7Clast=Kossian%7Cfirst=Aram ''The Mushki Problem Reconsidered'']</ref> Beberapa penelitian modern menunjukkan bahwa bahasa Armenia mirip dengan [[rumpun bahasa Indo-Iran]] seperti halnya bahasa Yunani dengan Frigia yang mirip.<ref name="Clackson1242">{{cite book|author=Clackson, James P.T.|title=The Ancient Languages of Asia Minor|date=2008|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=New York|pages=124|chapter=Classical Armenian}}</ref><ref name="Vavroušek P. 2010 129" /><ref name="Adams4192" />