Keanekaragaman hayati: Perbedaan antara revisi
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.1 |
Add 1 book for Wikipedia:Pemastian (20220213sim)) #IABot (v2.0.8.6) (GreenC bot |
||
Baris 6:
Perubahan lingkungan yang cepat biasanya menyebabkan [[kepunahan massal]].<ref name="CockellKoeberl2006">{{cite book |title=Biological Processes Associated with Impact Events |author1=Charles Cockell |author2=Christian Koeberl |author3=Iain Gilmour |last-author-amp=yes |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=lWUPfhXPm4MC}} |date=18 May 2006 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-540-25736-3|pages=197–219|edition=1|bibcode=2006bpai.book.....C }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Algeo|first=T. J.|author2=Scheckler, S. E.|title=Terrestrial-marine teleconnections in the Devonian: links between the evolution of land plants, weathering processes, and marine anoxic events|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|date=29 January 1998|volume=353|issue=1365|pages=113–130|doi=10.1098/rstb.1998.0195|pmc=1692181}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Bond|first=David P.G.|author2=Wignall, Paul B.|title=The role of sea-level change and marine anoxia in the Frasnian–Famennian (Late Devonian) mass extinction|journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology|date=1 June 2008|volume=263|issue=3–4|pages=107–118|doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2008.02.015|url=http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/3460/1/bondb2.pdf}}</ref> Lebih dari 99,9 persen dari semua spesies yang pernah hidup di Bumi, yang berjumlah lebih dari lima miliar spesies,<ref name="Book-Biology">{{cite book |editor1=Kunin, W.E. |editor2=Gaston, Kevin |title=The Biology of Rarity: Causes and consequences of rare—common differences|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=4LHnCAAAQBAJ|page=110}}|date=31 December 1996 |isbn=978-0-412-63380-5 |accessdate=26 May 2015 }}</ref> diperkirakan telah [[Kepunahan|punah]].<ref name="StearnsStearns2000">{{cite book |last=Stearns |first=Beverly Peterson |last2=Stearns |first2=S. C. |last3=Stearns |first3=Stephen C. |title=Watching, from the Edge of Extinction |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0BHeC-tXIB4C&q=99%20percent#v=onepage&q=99%20percent&f=false |year=2000 |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |isbn=978-0-300-08469-6|page=preface x |accessdate=30 May 2017 }}</ref><ref name="NYT-20141108-MJN">{{cite news |last=Novacek |first=Michael J. |title=Prehistory's Brilliant Future |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/09/opinion/sunday/prehistorys-brilliant-future.html |date=8 November 2014 |work=[[The New York Times]] |accessdate=25 December 2014 }}</ref> Perkiraan jumlah spesies Bumi saat ini berkisar antara 10 juta hingga 14 juta;<ref name="MillerSpoolman2012">{{cite book|author1=G. Miller|author2=Scott Spoolman |title=Environmental Science – Biodiversity Is a Crucial Part of the Earth's Natural Capital |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=NYEJAAAAQBAJ|page=62}} |date=2012 |publisher=[[Cengage Learning]] |isbn=978-1-133-70787-5 |page=62 |accessdate=27 December 2014 }}</ref> sekitar 1,2 juta spesies telah dicatat, tetapi lebih dari 86 persen di antaranya belum dideskripsikan.<ref name="PLoS-20110823">{{cite journal |last1=Mora |first1=C. |last2=Tittensor |first2=D.P. |last3=Adl |first3=S. |last4=Simpson |first4=A.G. |last5=Worm |first5=B. |title=How many species are there on Earth and in the ocean? |date=23 August 2011 |journal=[[PLOS Biology]] |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.1001127 |pmid=21886479 |pmc=3160336 |volume=9 |issue=8 |pages=e1001127}}</ref> Pada Mei 2016, para ilmuwan melaporkan bahwa diperkirakan ada 1 triliun spesies yang berada di Bumi saat ini, dan hanya seperseribu dari satu persen yang telah dideskripsikan.<ref name="NSF-2016002">{{cite news |author=Staff |title=Researchers find that Earth may be home to 1 trillion species |url=https://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=138446 |date=2 May 2016 |work=[[National Science Foundation]] |accessdate=6 May 2016 }}</ref> Jumlah total [[pasangan basa]] [[Asam deoksiribonukleat|DNA]] di Bumi diperkirakan 5,0 x 10<sup>37</sup> dengan berat 50 miliar ton.<ref name="NYT-20150718-rn">{{cite news |last=Nuwer |first=Rachel |date=18 July 2015 |title=Counting All the DNA on Earth |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/21/science/counting-all-the-dna-on-earth.html |work=The New York Times |location=New York |publisher=The New York Times Company |issn=0362-4331 |accessdate=18 July 2015}}</ref> Sebagai perbandingan, total [[Biomassa (ekologi)|massa]] [[biosfer]] diperkirakan sebanyak 4 TtC (triliun ton [[karbon]]).<ref name="AGCI-2015">{{cite web |url=http://www.agci.org/classroom/biosphere/index.php |title=The Biosphere: Diversity of Life |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |work=Aspen Global Change Institute |location=Basalt, CO |accessdate=19 July 2015}}</ref> Pada Juli 2016, para ilmuwan mengidentifikasi satu set yang terdiri atas 355 [[gen]] dari [[leluhur universal terakhir]] (LUCA) dari semua [[Makhluk hidup|organisme]] yang hidup di Bumi.<ref name="NYT-20160725">{{cite news |last=Wade |first=Nicholas |authorlink=Nicholas Wade |title=Meet Luca, the Ancestor of All Living Things |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/26/science/last-universal-ancestor.html |date=25 July 2016 |work=[[The New York Times]] |accessdate=25 July 2016 }}</ref>
[[Usia Bumi]] diperkirakan sekitar 4,54 miliar tahun.<ref name="USGS1997">{{cite web | date=1997 | title=Age of the Earth| url=http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/geotime/age.html | publisher=U.S. Geological Survey | accessdate=10 January 2006| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20051223072700/http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/geotime/age.html| archivedate= 23 December 2005 | url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Dalrymple | first=G. Brent | title=The age of the Earth in the twentieth century: a problem (mostly) solved | journal=Special Publications, Geological Society of London | date=2001 | volume=190 | issue=1 | pages=205–221 | doi=10.1144/GSL.SP.2001.190.01.14 |bibcode = 2001GSLSP.190..205D }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author= Manhesa, Gérard| author2= Allègre, Claude J.| author3= Dupréa, Bernard| author4= Hamelin, Bruno | last-author-amp= yes | title=Lead isotope study of basic-ultrabasic layered complexes: Speculations about the age of the earth and primitive mantle characteristics | url= https://archive.org/details/sim_earth-and-planetary-science-letters_1980-05_47_3/page/370| journal=[[Earth and Planetary Science Letters]]| date=1980 | volume=47 | issue= 3 | pages=370–382 | doi=10.1016/0012-821X(80)90024-2 | bibcode=1980E&PSL..47..370M}}</ref> Bukti yang tak terbantahkan tentang awal kehidupan di Bumi paling tidak berasal dari 3,5 miliar tahun yang lalu,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Schopf|first=J. William|last2=Kudryavtsev|first2=Anatoliy B.|last3=Czaja|first3=Andrew D.|last4=Tripathi|first4=Abhishek B.|date=5 October 2007|title=Evidence of Archean life: Stromatolites and microfossils|journal=Precambrian Research|series=Earliest Evidence of Life on Earth|volume=158 |issue=3–4|pages=141–155|doi=10.1016/j.precamres.2007.04.009|bibcode=2007PreR..158..141S}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Schopf|first=J. William|date=29 June 2006 |title=Fossil evidence of Archaean life |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|language=en|volume=361|issue=1470|pages=869–885|doi=10.1098/rstb.2006.1834|issn=0962-8436|pmc=1578735|pmid=16754604}}</ref><ref name="RavenJohnson2002">{{cite book | first=Peter | last=Hamilton Raven | first2= George | last2= Brooks Johnson | title=Biology | url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=GtlqPwAACAAJ}} | year=2002 | publisher=McGraw-Hill Education | isbn=978-0-07-112261-0 | page=68 | accessdate=7 July 2013 }}</ref> yaitu selama [[Era (geologi)|era]] [[Eoarkean]] setelah [[kerak geologis]] mulai mengeras, setelah sebelumnya meleleh pada [[eon]] [[Hadean]]. Ada [[fosil]] [[tikar mikrob]] yang ditemukan di [[batupasir]] berumur 3,48 miliar tahun di [[Australia Barat]].<ref name="AP-20131113">{{cite news |last=Borenstein |first=Seth |title=Oldest fossil found: Meet your microbial mom |url=http://apnews.excite.com/article/20131113/DAA1VSC01.html |date=13 November 2013 |work=[[AP News]] }}</ref><ref name="TG-20131113-JP">{{cite news |last=Pearlman |first=Jonathan |title='Oldest signs of life on Earth found' – Scientists discover potentially oldest signs of life on Earth – 3.5 billion-year-old microbe traces in rocks in Australia |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/science-news/10445788/Oldest-signs-of-life-on-Earth-found.html |date=13 November 2013 |work=[[Telegraph Media Group|The Telegraph]] |accessdate=15 December 2014 }}</ref><ref name="AST-20131108">{{cite journal |last1=Noffke |first1=Nora |last2=Christian |first2=Daniel |last3=Wacey |first3=David |last4=Hazen | first4=Robert M. |title=Microbially Induced Sedimentary Structures Recording an Ancient Ecosystem in the ca. 3.48 Billion-Year-Old Dresser Formation, Pilbara, Western Australia |date=8 November 2013 |journal=[[Astrobiology (journal)|Astrobiology]] |doi=10.1089/ast.2013.1030 |bibcode=2013AsBio..13.1103N |pmid=24205812 |pmc=3870916 |volume=13 | issue=12 | pages=1103–1124}}</ref> Bukti fisik awal lain dari [[zat biogenik]] adalah grafit pada [[batuan metasedimentari]] berumur 3,7 miliar tahun yang ditemukan di [[Greenland Barat]].<ref name="NG-20131208">{{cite journal | first=Yoko | last=Ohtomo | first2=Takeshi | last2=Kakegawa | first3=Akizumi | last3=Ishida | first4=Toshiro | last4=Nagase | first5=Minik T. | last5=Rosing | title=Evidence for biogenic graphite in early Archaean Isua metasedimentary rocks | journal=[[Nature Geoscience]] | doi=10.1038/ngeo2025 | date=8 December 2013 | volume=7 | issue=1 | pages=25–28 | bibcode=2014NatGe...7...25O| url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/c293044eed458e8149a0d7c6dc8a34a9bbffc9d5 }}</ref> Pada tahun 2015, "sisa-sisa [[materi biotik|kehidupan biotik]]" ditemukan di batuan berumur 4,1 miliar tahun di Australia bagian barat.<ref name="AP-20151019">{{cite news |last=Borenstein |first=Seth |title=Hints of life on what was thought to be desolate early Earth |url=http://apnews.excite.com/article/20151019/us-sci--earliest_life-a400435d0d.html |date=19 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bell |first1=Elizabeth A. |last2=Boehnike |first2=Patrick |last3=Harrison |first3=T. Mark |last4=Mao |first4=Wendy L. |display-authors=3 |date=24 November 2015 |title=Potentially biogenic carbon preserved in a 4.1 billion-year-old zircon |url =http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2015/10/14/1517557112.full.pdf |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |doi=10.1073/pnas.1517557112 |issn=1091-6490 |pmid=26483481 |pmc=4664351 |volume=112 |number =47|pages=14518–14521|bibcode=2015PNAS..11214518B }}</ref> Menurut salah satu peneliti, "Jika kehidupan muncul relatif cepat di Bumi .. maka ia bisa menjadi hal yang umum di [[alam semesta]]."<ref name="AP-20151019" />
Sejak kehidupan dimulai di Bumi, lima kepunahan massal besar dan beberapa peristiwa kecil telah menurunkan keanekaragaman hayati secara besar dan mendadak. Eon [[Fanerozoikum]] (540 juta tahun terakhir) ditandai dengan pertumbuhan keanekaragaman hayati yang cepat melalui [[letusan Kambrium]], sebuah periode ketika mayoritas [[filum]] [[organisme multiseluler]] pertama kali muncul.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/cambrian/cambrian.php |title=The Cambrian Period |publisher=[[University of California Museum of Paleontology]] |accessdate=17 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515190500/http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/cambrian/cambrian.php |archive-date=15 May 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Selama 400 juta tahun berikutnya terjadi beberapa kali kepunahan massal, yaitu [[kehilangan keanekaragaman hayati|hilangnya keanekaragaman hayati]] secara besar-besaran. Pada [[Karbon (periode)|periode Karbon,]] [[Kehancuran hutan hujan|hancurnya hutan hujan]] menyebabkan hilangnya kehidupan tumbuhan dan hewan.<ref name="SahneyBentonFerry2010RainforestCollapse">{{cite journal | doi=10.1130/G31182.1 | author= Sahney, S. |author2=Benton, M.J. |author3=Falcon-Lang, H.J. |last-author-amp=yes| year=2010 | title= Rainforest collapse triggered Pennsylvanian tetrapod diversification in Euramerica | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_geology_2010-12_38_12/page/1079 | journal=Geology | volume = 38 | pages = 1079–1082 | issue=12|bibcode = 2010Geo....38.1079S }}</ref> [[Peristiwa kepunahan Perm–Trias]] yang berlangsung 251 juta tahun lalu merupakan kepunahan terburuk; organisme vertebrata memerlukan waktu 30 juta tahun untuk kembali pulih dari peristiwa ini.<ref name="SahneyBenton2008RecoveryFromProfoundExtinction">{{cite journal |author1=Sahney, S. |author2=Benton, M.J. |lastauthoramp=yes | year=2008 | title=Recovery from the most profound mass extinction of all time | journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences | doi=10.1098/rspb.2007.1370 | volume = 275 | pages = 759–765| pmid=18198148 | issue=1636 | pmc=2596898}}</ref> Kepunahan terakhir, yaitu [[peristiwa kepunahan Kapur–Paleogen]] yang terjadi 65 juta tahun lalu, lebih menarik perhatian dibandingkan peristiwa kepunahan lainnya karena mengakibatkan kepunahan [[dinosaurus]] non-avian.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/extinction_events/Cretaceous%E2%80%93Tertiary_extinction_event|publisher=BBC Nature |title=Cretaceous-Tertiary mass extinction videos, news and facts|access-date=5 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170609051408/http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/extinction_events/Cretaceous%E2%80%93Tertiary_extinction_event|archive-date=9 June 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| |||