Unjuk rasa Kazakhstan 2022: Perbedaan antara revisi
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[[Kazakhstan]] ialah salah satu negara dengan perekonomian terbesar di [[Asia Tengah]], dengan produksi minyak menyumbang sebagian besar daripada pertumbuhan ekonomi sampai harga minyak turun pada pertengahan dasawarsa 2010-an.<ref name="imfarticleiv">{{cite web|title=IMF Executive Board Article IV consultation1 with Kazakhstan|url=https://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/pr/2013/pr13308.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303183248/https://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/pr/2013/pr13308.htm|archive-date=3 March 2016|access-date=14 February 2016|website=Imf.org|publisher=International Monetary Fund}}</ref> Pada 2012, [[Forum Ekonomi Dunia]] mencatat korupsi sebagai masalah terbesar dalam berbisnis di negara ini,<ref name="OECD1">[https://books.google.com/books?id=BU7uK583X8MC&pg=PA112&lpg=PA112&dq=kazakhstan+corruption+ranking&source=bl&ots=ZI50X8c9BL&sig=TiPEPwdRpIq41eJ1a5PxX_GsgYs&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CFcQ6AEwBTgKahUKEwib2f2FzYPIAhVmcHIKHePYBpE#v=onepage&q=kazakhstan%20corruption%20ranking&f=false OECD Investment Policy Reviews], P112, [[OECD]], 2012</ref> sementara [[Bank Dunia]] memasukkan Kazakhstan sebagai titik rawan korupsi setara dengan [[Angola]], [[Bolivia]], [[Kenya]], [[Libya]].<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/05/business/yourmoney/05giffen.html?pagewanted=all Oil, Cash and Corruption], ''[[The New York Times]]'', 5 November 2006</ref> Pada tahun 2013, ''[[Aftenposten]]'' mengutip aktivis hak asasi manusia dan pengacara Denis Jivaga yang mengatakan bahwa ada "dana minyak di Kazakhstan, tetapi tidak ada yang tahu bagaimana pendapatan itu dibelanjakan".<ref>[http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/iriks/politikk/Observatorer-fra-tidligere-Sovjet-jakter-pa-valg-juks-7305886.html Observatører fra tidligere Sovjet jakter på valg-juks] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225918/http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/iriks/politikk/Observatorer-fra-tidligere-Sovjet-jakter-pa-valg-juks-7305886.html|date=3 March 2016}}. Aftenposten.no (10 September 2013). Retrieved 8 March 2014.</ref>
Kota penghasil minyak di [[
Discontent with [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]], who was Kazakhstan's first president following the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]] and ruled the country from 1990 to 2019, also sparked protests.<ref name="Guardian_Moscow_led_alliance" /> Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union, international observers have not recognized any of the elections in Kazakhstan to be fair.<ref name="Guardian_Moscow_led_alliance" /> Nazarbayev ruled the nation through [[authoritarianism]], [[nepotism]] and detaining opponents according to ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'', with the leader moving to become the Chairman of the [[Security Council of Kazakhstan]] for life following the crackdown on [[2018–2020 Kazakh protests|2018 protests]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Redmayne|first=Nick|date=2021-12-16|title=The truth about the world's most misunderstood country|language=en-GB|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/asia/kazakhstan/truth-worlds-misunderstood-country/|access-date=2022-01-05|issn=0307-1235}}</ref>
According to Darkhan Sharipov of the [[Oyan, Qazaqstan]] activist group, protestors wanted "real political reforms" and "fair elections", and were angry about "corruption and nepotism".<ref name="Guardian_Moscow_led_alliance" /> According to ''[[The New York Times]]'', protestors wanted leaders of the [[regions of Kazakhstan]] to be [[elections in Kazakhstan|directly elected]] rather than appointed by the president.<ref name="NYT_revolt_Kazakhstan" />
== Unjuk rasa ==
=== 2 Januari ===
On the morning of 2 January 2022, residents in the city of [[Zhanaozen]] blocked roads in protest against an increase in gas prices.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=ТОЙКЕН|first=Санияш|date=2022-01-02|title=Жители Жанаозена перекрыли дорогу, протестуя против повышения цен на газ|url=https://rus.azattyq.org/a/31636220.html|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-04|website=Радио Азаттык|language=ru}}</ref> From there, the demonstrators called on [[akim]] of Mangystau [[Nurlan Nogaev]] and city akim Maksat Ibagarov to take measures in stabilising prices and preventing fuel shortages.<ref name=":0"/> The residents were met with acting Zhanaozen akim Galym Baijanov who advised the crowd to write a complaint letter to the city administration in which the protestors recalled that their complaints were supposedly ignored by the city officials.<ref name=":0"/>
=== 3 Januari ===
Hundreds of Zhanaozen residents gathered and camped in the city square overnight.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2022-01-03|title="Акимов должен выбирать народ!" Протест в Жанаозене: от призывов снизить цены до политических требований|url=https://rus.azattyq.org/a/kazakhstan-zhanaozen-rally-gas-prices/31637309.html|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-04|website=Радио Азаттык|language=ru}}</ref> As other residents joined the crowd by the afternoon, an estimated 1,000 people were at the square, chanting and demanding direct elections of local leaders.<ref name=":2"/> The police officers, while standing at the parameter of the square during the demonstration, did not intervene.<ref name=":2"/> Mangystau akim [[Nurlan Nogaev]] and Zhanaozen akim Maqsat İbağarov as well as Kazakh Gas Processing Plant director Nakbergen Tulepov attempted to calm the protestors by arriving at the square and pledging for the gas prices to be reduced down to 85–90 tenge, which failed to please the demonstrators.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title="Мы устали от сказок!" В Жанаозене протестующие прогнали с площади акима области Ногаева|url=https://rus.azattyq.org/a/31637803.html|access-date=2022-01-04|website=Радио Азаттык|language=ru}}</ref> Nogaev as well as his accompanies were forced to flee the square by the angry crowd.<ref name=":3"/>
President [[Kassym-Jomart Tokayev]] in his Twitter response regarding the situation had instructed the government to consider the situation in Mangystau Region by "taking into account economic feasibility in the legal field".<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2022-01-03|title=Касым-Жомарт Токаев высказался по ситуации в Жанаозене|url=https://inbusiness.kz/ru/news/kasym-zhomart-tokaev-vyskazalsya-po-situacii-v-zhanaozene|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-04|website=inbusiness.kz|language=ru}}</ref> He also called on demonstrators to not disturb public order, reminding that Kazakh citizens have the right to publicly express their voice to local and central government by saying it should be so in "accordance with the law."<ref name=":1" /> A government commission headed by Deputy Prime Minister [[Eraly Togjanov]] was formed to consider the socio-economic situation in Mangystau.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-03|title=А. Мамин: Мемлекет басшысы Қ. К. Тоқаевтың тапсырмасы бойынша Үкімет Жаңаөзен қаласындағы жағдайға қатысты шаралар қабылдайды|url=https://primeminister.kz/kz/news/a-mamin-memleket-basshysy-k-k-tokaevtyn-tapsyrmasy-boyynsha-ukimet-zhanaozen-kalasyndagy-zhagdayga-katysty-sharalar-kabyldaydy-303930|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-05|website=primeminister.kz|language=kk}}</ref>
Reports of arrests were received from the cities of [[Nur-Sultan]], [[Aktobe]] and [[Almaty]] where the [[Republic Square, Almaty|Republic Square]] and [[Astana Square]] were closed off and security officers deployed.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|date=2022-01-03|title=В Казахстане второй день продолжаются протесты из-за повышения цен на газ, задержаны более 20 человек|url=https://www.currenttime.tv/a/kazakhstan-protesty/31637605.html|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-05|website=Настоящее Время|language=ru}}</ref> Other cities witnessed an increased police presence in public areas.<ref name=":6"/>
In [[Aktau]], a group of protestors showed up at the Yntymaq Square in front of the city administration building, setting up tents and [[yurt]]s for the encampment.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|last=ТОЙКЕН|first=Санияш|date=2022-01-04|title="Правительство в отставку!" и "Шал, кет!". В Актау и Жанаозене продолжились митинги|url=https://rus.azattyq.org/a/31638526.html|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-05|website=Радио Азаттык|language=ru}}</ref> By evening, an estimated 6,000 demonstrators were at the square, demanding reductions in the cost of gas as well as the resignation of the government. They were joined by other groups of supporters reportedly from neighbouring regions and cities across Kazakhstan.<ref name=":4"/> Mangystau akim [[Nurlan Nogaev]] visited the rally, reminding the crowd that the Kazakh government had reduced the price of gas and that the Agency for the Protection and Development of Competition had launched a probe against the gas station owners for suspected price collusion.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|last=|date=2022-01-04|title=Нурлан Ногаев вышел к митингующим в Актау|url=https://tengrinews.kz/kazakhstan_news/nurlan-nogaev-vyishel-k-mitinguyuschim-v-aktau-458163/|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-05|website=Tengrinews.kz|language=ru}}</ref> Nogaev urged the Aktau protestors to maintain public order and suggested for they hold a constructive dialogue with the authorities.<ref name=":5"/>
[[File:2022 Kazakhstan protests — Aqtobe, January 4 (02).jpg|thumb|Protestors setting up a [[yurt]] in [[Aktobe]], 4 January 2022]]
== Lihat pula ==
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