Kolangiokarsinoma: Perbedaan antara revisi
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Penyakit [[hati]] yang disebabkan oleh [[parasit]] tertentu dapat juga menjadi faktor risiko dari kolangiokarsinoma. Kolonisasi dengan [[cacing hati]] ''[[Opisthorchis viverrini|Opisthorchis viverrine]]'' (ditemukan di [[Thailand]], [[Laos]], dan [[Vietnam]])<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Watanapa|first=P|last2=Watanapa|first2=W B|date=2002-08-01|title=Liver fluke-associated cholangiocarcinoma|url=https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2168.2002.02143.x|journal=British Journal of Surgery|volume=89|issue=8|pages=962–970|doi=10.1046/j.1365-2168.2002.02143.x|issn=0007-1323}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sripa|first=Banchob|last2=Kaewkes|first2=Sasithorn|last3=Sithithaworn|first3=Paiboon|last4=Mairiang|first4=Eimorn|last5=Laha|first5=Thewarach|last6=Smout|first6=Michael|last7=Pairojkul|first7=Chawalit|last8=Bhudhisawasdi|first8=Vajaraphongsa|last9=Tesana|first9=Smarn|date=2007-07-10|title=Liver Fluke Induces Cholangiocarcinoma|url=https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.0040201&type=printable|journal=PLOS Medicine|language=en|volume=4|issue=7|pages=e201|doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.0040201|issn=1549-1676|pmc=PMC1913093|pmid=17622191}}</ref> atau ''[[:en:Clonorchis_sinensis|Clonorchis sinensis]]'' (ditemukan di [[Tiongkok|Cina]], [[Republik Tiongkok|Taiwan]], [[Rusia Timur Jauh|Rusia Timur]], [[Korea]], dan [[Vietnam]])<ref>{{Cite book|last=Locke|first=Victoria|last2=Kusnik|first2=Alexander|last3=Richardson|first3=Melissa S.|date=2022-01-09|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532892/|title=Clonorchis Sinensis|publisher=StatPearls Publishing|language=en|pmid=30422487}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kim|first=Tong-Soo|last2=Pak|first2=Jhang Ho|last3=Kim|first3=Jong-Bo|last4=Bahk|first4=Young Yil|date=2016-11-30|title=Clonorchis sinensis, an oriental liver fluke, as a human biological agent of cholangiocarcinoma: a brief review|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5346318/pdf/bmb-49-590.pdf|journal=BMB Reports|language=en|volume=49|issue=11|pages=590–597|doi=10.5483/BMBRep.2016.49.11.109|issn=1976-6696|pmc=PMC5346318|pmid=27418285}}</ref> telah dikaitkan dengan perkembangan kolangiokarsinoma. Program pengendalian (''Integrated Opisthorchiasis Control Program'') yang bertujuan untuk mengurangi konsumsi makanan mentah dan setengah matang telah berhasil menurunkan angka kejadian kolangiokarsinoma di beberapa negara.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sripa|first=Banchob|last2=Tangkawattana|first2=Sirikachorn|last3=Sangnikul|first3=Thinnakorn|date=2017-08-01|title=The Lawa model: A sustainable, integrated opisthorchiasis control program using the EcoHealth approach in the Lawa Lake region of Thailand|url=https://europepmc.org/backend/ptpmcrender.fcgi?accid=PMC5443708&blobtype=pdf|journal=Parasitology International|series=Special Issue: Opisthorchiasis: 100 Years of Discovery|language=en|volume=66|issue=4|pages=346–354|doi=10.1016/j.parint.2016.11.013|issn=1383-5769|pmc=PMC5443708|pmid=27890720}}</ref> Orang dengan penyakit hati kronis, baik berupa [[hepatitis]] akibat [[virus]] (misalnya [[hepatitis B]] atau [[hepatitis C]]),<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kobayashi|first=Masahiro|last2=Ikeda|first2=Kenji|last3=Saitoh|first3=Satoshi|last4=Suzuki|first4=Fumitaka|last5=Tsubota|first5=Akihito|last6=Suzuki|first6=Yoshiyuki|last7=Arase|first7=Yasuji|last8=Murashima|first8=Naoya|last9=Chayama|first9=Kazuaki|date=2000|title=Incidence of primary cholangiocellular carcinoma of the liver in Japanese patients with hepatitis C virus–related cirrhosis|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/1097-0142%2820000601%2988%3A11%3C2471%3A%3AAID-CNCR7%3E3.0.CO%3B2-T|journal=Cancer|language=en|volume=88|issue=11|pages=2471–2477|doi=10.1002/1097-0142(20000601)88:11<2471::AID-CNCR7>3.0.CO;2-T|issn=1097-0142}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Yamamoto|first=Satoshi|last2=Kubo|first2=Shoji|last3=Hai|first3=Seikan|last4=Uenishi|first4=Takahiro|last5=Yamamoto|first5=Takatsugu|last6=Shuto|first6=Taichi|last7=Takemura|first7=Shigekazu|last8=Tanaka|first8=Hiromu|last9=Yamazaki|first9=Osamu|date=2004|title=Hepatitis C virus infection as a likely etiology of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1349-7006.2004.tb02492.x|journal=Cancer Science|language=en|volume=95|issue=7|pages=592–595|doi=10.1111/j.1349-7006.2004.tb02492.x|issn=1349-7006}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Huiying|first=Lu|last2=Ye|first2=Michele Q.|last3=Thung|first3=Swan N.|last4=Dash|first4=Srikanta|last5=Gerber|first5=Michael A.|date=2000|title=Detection of hepatitis C virus RNA sequences in cholangiocarcinomas in Chinese and American patients|url=https://medcentral.net/doi/pdf/10.3760/cma.j.issn.0366-6999.2000.12.116|journal=Chinese Medical Journal|volume=113|issue=12|pages=1138-1141|doi=https://doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.issn.0366-6999.2000.12.116}}</ref> penyakit hati pada [[alkoholik]], atau [[sirosis hati]], secara signifikan meningkatkan risiko kolangiokarsinoma.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal|last=Shaib|first=Yasser H.|last2=El-Serag|first2=Hashem B.|last3=Davila|first3=Jessica A.|last4=Morgan|first4=Robert|last5=McGlynn|first5=Katherine A.|date=2005-03-01|title=Risk factors of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma in the United States: A case-control study|url=https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085(04)02351-0/abstract|journal=Gastroenterology|language=English|volume=128|issue=3|pages=620–626|doi=10.1053/j.gastro.2004.12.048|issn=0016-5085|pmid=15765398}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sørensen|first=Henrik Toft|last2=Friis|first2=Søren|last3=Olsen|first3=Jørgen H.|last4=Thulstrup|first4=Ane Marie|last5=Mellemkjær|first5=Lene|last6=Linet|first6=Martha|last7=Trichopoulos|first7=Dimitrios|last8=Vilstrup|first8=Hendrik|last9=Olsen|first9=Jørn|date=1998|title=Risk of liver and other types of cancer in patients with cirrhosis: A nationwide cohort study in Denmark|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/hep.510280404|journal=Hepatology|language=en|volume=28|issue=4|pages=921–925|doi=10.1002/hep.510280404|issn=1527-3350}}</ref> Infeksi [[HIV]] juga teridentifikasi dalam satu penelitian sebagai faktor risiko potensial untuk kolangiokarsinoma, meskipun tidak jelas apakah penyebab utamanya adalah HIV itu sendiri atau terdapat faktor lain yang berkorelasi (misalnya infeksi [[hepatitis C]]).
Infeksi bakteri ''[[:en:Helicobacter_bilis|Helicobacter bilis]]'' dan ''[[:en:Helicobacter_hepaticus|Helicobacter hepaticus]]'' dapat menyebabkan kanker [[saluran empedu]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chang|first=Alicia H.|last2=Parsonnet|first2=Julie|date=2010-October|title=Role of Bacteria in Oncogenesis|url=https://journals.asm.org/doi/abs/10.1128/CMR.00012-10|journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews|language=EN|doi=10.1128/CMR.00012-10|pmc=PMC2952975|pmid=20930075|access-date=2022-02-10|archive-date=2022-02-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210132139/https://journals.asm.org/doi/abs/10.1128/CMR.00012-10|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Abnormalitas bawaan pada hati, seperti [[:en:Caroli_disease|penyakit Caroli]] (tipe spesifik dari lima kista koledokus yang dikenali), telah dikaitkan sebagai faktor risiko dari kolangiokarsinoma sebesar 15%.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lipsett|first=Pamela A.|last2=Pitt|first2=Henry A.|last3=Colombani|first3=Paul M.|last4=Boitnott|first4=John K.|last5=Cameron|first5=John L.|date=1994-11|title=Choledochal Cyst Disease A Changing Pattern of Presentation|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1234452/pdf/annsurg00057-0056.pdf|journal=Annals of Surgery|language=en-US|volume=220|issue=5|pages=644–652|doi=10.1097/00000658-199411000-00007|issn=0003-4932|pmc=PMC1234452|pmid=7979612}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rahman|first=Sabrina|last2=Sayeed|first2=S K Jakaria Been|last3=Chowdhury|first3=Mostofa Kamal|date=2019-01-01|title=Caroli’s Disease: A premalignant condition?|url=https://www.banglajol.info/index.php/JOM/article/view/38865|journal=Journal of Medicine|volume=20|issue=1|pages=55–56|doi=10.3329/jom.v20i1.38865|issn=2075-5384}}</ref> Kelainan bawaan langka [[:en:Lynch_syndrome|sindrom Lynch]] II dan ''biliary papillomatosis'' juga telah ditemukan terkait dengan kolangiokarsinoma.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mecklin|first=J.-P.|last2=Järvinen|first2=H. J.|last3=Virolainen|first3=M.|date=1992|title=The association between cholangiooaroinoma and hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal carcinoma|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/cncr.2820690508|journal=Cancer|language=en|volume=69|issue=5|pages=1112–1114|doi=10.1002/cncr.2820690508|issn=1097-0142}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lee|first=Sang Soo|last2=Kim|first2=Myung-Hwan|last3=Lee|first3=Sung Koo|last4=Jang|first4=Se Jin|last5=Song|first5=Moon-Hee|last6=Kim|first6=Kyu-Pyo|last7=Kim|first7=Hong Ja|last8=Seo|first8=Dong-Wan|last9=Song|first9=Dong Eun|date=2004|title=Clinicopathologic review of 58 patients with biliary papillomatosis|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/cncr.20031|journal=Cancer|language=en|volume=100|issue=4|pages=783–793|doi=10.1002/cncr.20031|issn=1097-0142}}</ref> Adanya batu empedu (''[[:en:Cholelithiasis|cholelithiasis]]'') tidak jelas kaitannya dengan kolangiokarsinoma. Namun, penyakit batu intrahepatik (disebut [[:en:Hepatolithiasis|hepatolitiasis]]), yang tidak umum terjadi di negara Barat tetapi umum di beberapa bagian [[Asia]], sangat terkait dengan kolangiokarsinoma.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Su|first=C-H|last2=Shyr|first2=Y-M|last3=Lui|first3=W-Y|last4=P'Eng|first4=F-K|date=1997-07-01|title=Hepatolithiasis associated with cholangiocarcinoma|url=https://doi.org/10.1002/bjs.1800840717|journal=British Journal of Surgery|volume=84|issue=7|pages=969–973|doi=10.1002/bjs.1800840717|issn=0007-1323}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kim|first=Hyo Jung|date=2015|title=Hepatolithiasis and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: A review|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4690170/pdf/WJG-21-13418.pdf|journal=World Journal of Gastroenterology|language=en|volume=21|issue=48|pages=13418|doi=10.3748/wjg.v21.i48.13418|issn=1007-9327|pmc=PMC4690170|pmid=26730152}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jiang|first=Wei|last2=Deng|first2=Xiaofei|last3=Zhu|first3=Ting|last4=Wei|first4=Yuya|last5=Lei|first5=Zhen|last6=Guo|first6=Meimei|last7=Yang|first7=Jiong|date=2020-03-12|title=Identification of Cholangiocarcinoma Associated with Hepatolithiasis via the Combination of miRNA and Ultrasound|url=https://www.dovepress.com/identification-of-cholangiocarcinoma-associated-with-hepatolithiasis-v-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-CMAR|journal=Cancer Management and Research|language=English|volume=12|pages=1845–1853|doi=10.2147/CMAR.S241870|pmc=PMC7075433|pmid=32210627}}</ref> Paparan [[:en:Thorotrast|Thorotrast]], suatu bentuk [[Torium dioksida|thorium dioksida]] yang digunakan sebagai media kontras radiologis, telah dikaitkan dengan perkembangan kolangiokarsinoma hingga 30-40 tahun setelah paparan. Thorotrast dilarang di [[Amerika Serikat]] pada 1950-an karena [[karsinogen]]<nowiki/>isitasnya.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Levy|first=Dw|last2=Rindsberg|first2=S|last3=Friedman|first3=Ac|last4=Fishman|first4=Ek|last5=Ros|first5=Pr|last6=Radecki|first6=Pd|last7=Siegelman|first7=Ss|last8=Goodman|first8=Zd|last9=Pyatt|first9=Rs|date=1986|title=Thorotrast-induced hepatosplenic neoplasia: CT identification|url=https://www.ajronline.org/doi/pdf/10.2214/ajr.146.5.997|journal=American Journal of Roentgenology|language=en|volume=146|issue=5|pages=997–1004|doi=10.2214/ajr.146.5.997|issn=0361-803X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Liu|first=Duo|last2=Momoi|first2=Hirohito|last3=Li|first3=Li|last4=Ishikawa|first4=Yuichi|last5=Fukumoto|first5=Manabu|date=2002-12-01|title=Microsatellite instability in thorotrast-induced human intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ijc.10726|journal=International Journal of Cancer|language=en|volume=102|issue=4|pages=366–371|doi=10.1002/ijc.10726|issn=0020-7136}}</ref>
== Patofisiologi ==
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== Epidemiologi ==
[[Berkas:Liver tumor types in adults by relative incidence.png|jmpl|Jenis tumor pada hati yang banyak terjadi pada orang dewasa di Amerika Serikat, dengan kolangiokarsinoma ada pada peringkat atas<ref>{{Cite web|last=Themes|first=U. F. O.|date=2016-12-27|title=Masses of the Liver|url=https://basicmedicalkey.com/masses-of-the-liver-2/|website=Basicmedical Key|language=en-US|access-date=2022-02-10}}</ref>]]Kolangiokarsinoma adalah bentuk [[kanker]] yang relatif jarang terjadi. Setiap tahun, sekitar 2.000 hingga 3.000 kasus baru didiagnosis di [[Amerika Serikat]], yang berarti 1-2 kasus per 100.000 orang dilaporkan per tahun.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Landis|first=S. H.|last2=Murray|first2=T.|last3=Bolden|first3=S.|last4=Wingo|first4=P. A.|date=1998-01-01|title=Cancer statistics, 1998|url=https://doi.org/10.3322/canjclin.48.1.6|journal=CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians|volume=48|issue=1|pages=6–29|doi=10.3322/canjclin.48.1.6|issn=0007-9235}}</ref> Dalam suatu seri [[otopsi]] telah melaporkan prevalensi 0,01% hingga 0,46%.<ref name=":11">{{Cite journal|last=Vauthey|first=Jean-Nicolas|last2=Blumgart|first2=Leslie H.|date=1994-05|title=Recent Advances in the Management of Cholangiocarcinomas|url=http://www.thieme-connect.de/DOI/DOI?10.1055/s-2007-1007302|journal=Seminars in Liver Disease|language=en|volume=14|issue=02|pages=109–114|doi=10.1055/s-2007-1007302|issn=0272-8087|access-date=2022-04-05|archive-date=2018-06-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180607095149/https://www.thieme-connect.de/DOI/DOI?10.1055%2Fs-2007-1007302|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-04-02|title=Cancer Statistics - National Cancer Institute|url=https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/understanding/statistics|website=www.cancer.gov|language=en|access-date=2022-02-11}}</ref> Terdapat [[prevalensi]] yang lebih tinggi dari kolangiokarsinoma di [[Asia]], yang telah dikaitkan dengan infestasi [[parasit]] kronis endemik. Insiden kolangiokarsinoma meningkat seiring bertambahnya usia dan penyakit ini sedikit lebih sering terjadi pada pria daripada wanita (dimungkinkan karena tingkat ''[[:en:Primary_sclerosing_cholangitis|primary sclerosing cholangitis]]'' sebagai faktor risiko utama tingkat kejadianya lebih tinggi pada pria).<ref name=":10" /> Prevalensi dari kolangiokarsinoma pada orang dengan ''[[:en:Primary_sclerosing_cholangitis|primary sclerosing cholangitis]]'' adalah sebesar 30%, berdasarkan studi otopsi.<ref name=":8" />
Berbagai penelitian telah mendokumentasikan peningkatan yang stabil dalam insiden kolangiokarsinoma intrahepatik. Peningkatan tersebut telah terlihat di [[Amerika Utara]], [[Eropa]], [[Asia]], dan [[Australia]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Patel|first=Tushar|date=2002-05-03|title=Worldwide trends in mortality from biliary tract malignancies|url=https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2407-2-10|journal=BMC Cancer|volume=2|issue=1|pages=10|doi=10.1186/1471-2407-2-10|issn=1471-2407|pmc=PMC113759|pmid=11991810}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Patel|first=T|date=2001-06|title=Increasing incidence and mortality of primary intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma in the United States|url=https://doi.org/10.1053/jhep.2001.25087|journal=Hepatology|volume=33|issue=6|pages=1353–1357|doi=10.1053/jhep.2001.25087|issn=0270-9139}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=West|first=J.|last2=Wood|first2=H.|last3=Logan|first3=R. F. A.|last4=Quinn|first4=M.|last5=Aithal|first5=G. P.|date=2006-06|title=Trends in the incidence of primary liver and biliary tract cancers in England and Wales 1971–2001|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/6603127|journal=British Journal of Cancer|language=en|volume=94|issue=11|pages=1751–1758|doi=10.1038/sj.bjc.6603127|issn=1532-1827|pmc=PMC2361300|pmid=16736026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Welzel|first=Tania M.|last2=McGlynn|first2=Katherine A.|last3=Hsing|first3=Ann W.|last4=O'Brien|first4=Thomas R.|last5=Pfeiffer|first5=Ruth M.|date=2006-06-21|title=Impact of Classification of Hilar Cholangiocarcinomas (Klatskin Tumors) on the Incidence of Intra- and Extrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma in the United States|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djj234|journal=JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute|volume=98|issue=12|pages=873–875|doi=10.1093/jnci/djj234|issn=0027-8874}}</ref> Alasan peningkatan terjadinya kolangiokarsinoma belum bisa dijelaskan. Metode diagnostik yang lebih baik mungkin dapat membantu, tetapi prevalensi faktor risiko potensial untuk kolangiokarsinoma, seperti infeksi [[HIV]] juga telah mengalami peningkatan.<ref name=":9" />
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