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Sejumlah arca orang asing berukuran kecilmini muncul dalam khazanah [[seni rupa Mathura|seni rupa Mandura]] dari abad ke-4 sampai abad ke-2 SM. Arca-arca ini sebutdisebut arca "orang asing", arca orang Persia, atau arca orang Iran karenalantaran tampakmenampakkan bercorakciri-ciri asing.<ref name="AV141"/><ref name="SKS">"patung-patung kepala dari Mandura, beberapa arca terakota berbentuk kepala manusia laki-laki telah ditemukan, yang menggambarkan sosok bangsa Iran, bangsa yang menjalin hubungan dekat dengan bangsa India pada abad keempat dan ketiga SM. Agrawala menyebut arca-arca ini sebagai arca-arca orang Iran karena raut wajah mereka menampakkan ciri-ciri etnis asing." {{cite book |last1=Srivastava |first1=Surendra Kumar |title=Terracotta art in northern India |date=1996 |publisher=Parimal Publications |page=81 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s4MsAQAAIAAJ |language=en}}</ref><ref>"Mandura juga menghasilan satu kelompok istimewa arca-arca terakota kepala manusia dengan ciri-ciri wajah etnis asing." {{cite book |last1=Dhavalikar |first1=Madhukar Keshav |title=Masterpieces of Indian Terracottas |date=1977 |publisher=Taraporevala |page=23 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8WzqAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref> Arca-arca mini tersebut mungkin saja mencerminkan kontak bangsa India dengan orang-orang asing yang kian meningkat kala itu.<!--<ref name="SKS"/> SeveralBeberapa ofdi theseantaranya seemtampak tomenyerupai representprajurit-prajurit foreignasing soldiersyang whoberkunjung visitedke India duringpada thezaman Mauryankulawangsa periodMaurya anddan influencedmempengaruhi modellerspara inperupa MathuraMandura withdengan theirciri-ciri peculiarkhas ethnicetnis featuresmaupun andpakaian uniformsseragam mereka.<ref>"SoldierArca-arca kepala headsprajurit. DuringAktivitas themiliter Mauryanpada period,zaman thekulawangsa militaryMaurya activitylebih wasbanyak moredibuktikan evidencedoleh inkehidupan themasyarakat public lifesehari-hari. Possibly,Kemungkinan foreignbesar soldiersprajurit-prajurit frequentlyasing visitedkerap berkunjung ke India anddan attractedmenarik Indianperhatian modellerspara withperupa theirIndia ethnicdengan featuresciri-ciri andkhas uncommonetnis uniformmaupun pakaian seragam mereka yang tidak biasa. FromDari MathuraMandura indi UttarNegara Pradeshbagian andUtar BasarhPrades indan Basar di Negara Bagian Bihar, sometelah terracotta headsdiparotkan havepenemuan beenbeberapa reported,arca whichkepala representterakota soldiersyang menyerupai kepala prajurit. ArtisticallySecara artistik, thearca Basarhkepala terracottaprajurit soldier-headsterakota areBasar better,tampak executedlebih thanbagus thosebuatannya fromdaripada Mathuraarca kepala dari Mandura." indalam {{cite book |last1=Srivastava |first1=Surendra Kumar |title=Terracotta art in northern India |date=1996 |publisher=Parimal Publications |page=82 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s4MsAQAAIAAJ |language=en}}</ref> ADiketahui helmetedpula headbahwa ofsebuah aarca soldier,kepala probablyprajurit [[Indo-Greek]]berketopong, iskemungkinan alsobesar knownprajurit Yunani-India, anddipertanggal dated to the 1stabad centurypertama BCESM, nowdan inkini thetersimpan Mathuradi Museum Mandura.<ref name="Ancient India: an introductory outl" /> OneSalah ofsatu thearca terracottaterakota statuettes,mini usuallyyang nicknamedbiasa thedijuluki "Persianbangsawan noblemanPersia" anddan dateddipertanggal toabad theke-2 2nd century BCESM, cantampak bemengenakan seenkain wearing a coatselubung, scarfsyal, trouserscelana andpanjang, adan turbanserban.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Vishnu |first1=Asha |title=Material Life of Northern India: Based on an Archaeological Study, 3rd Century B.C. to 1st Century B.C. |date=1993 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=9788170994107 |page=XV |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zaJ5oyrqBakC&pg=PR15 |language=en}}</ref><ref>"TheArca figureseorang ofteruna a Persian youthPersia (35.2556) wearingmengenakan coatkain selubung, scarfsyal, trouserscelana andpanjang, turbandan isserban amerupakan barang yang rarelangka itemditemui." {{cite book |last1=Museum |first1=Mathura Archaeological |title=Mathura Museum Introduction: A Pictorial Guide Book |date=1971 |publisher=Archaeological Museum |page=14 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f3XqAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sharma |first1=Ramesh Chandra |title=The Splendour of Mathurā Art and Museum |date=1994 |publisher=D.K. Printworld |page=58 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O-vVAAAAMAA}}</ref><ref name="AV141">{{cite book |last1=Vishnu |first1=Asha |title=Material Life of Northern India: Based on an Archaeological Study, 3rd Century B.C. to 1st Century B.C. |date=1993 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=9788170994107 |page=141 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zaJ5oyrqBakC&pg=PA141 |language=en}}</ref>
MathuraMungkin maysaja thenkala haveitu beenMandura conqueredsudah by theditaklukkan [[Mitrawangsa dynasty (Mathura)|Mitra dynasty]], oratau ruleddiperintah independently by thesendiri [[Dattawangsa dynastyData]] during thepada 1stabad centurypertama BCSM.<ref name="autogenerated170">History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE, Sonya Rhie Quintanilla, BRILL, 2007, phlm. 170</ref> InTerlepas anydari casedua Mathurakemungkinan wastersebut, underMandura thetunduk controldi ofbawah pemerintahan thepara [[Indo-Scythianmahaksatrapa]] [[NorthernKerajaan SatrapsIndia-Skithia|Skit-India]] fromsejak the 1st century ofabad thepertama Christiantarikh eraMasehi.
=====Indian sourcesSumber-sumber India =====
The termIstilah ''YavanaYawana'' isdiduga thoughtmerupakan toterjemahan beistilah a transliteration of"orang Yonia"Ionians", anddan isdiketahui knowndigunakan tountuk havemenyebut designatedorang-orang HellenisticYunani GreeksHelenistis (startingmulai withwaktu thepembuatan [[EdictsMaklumat-maklumat Asoka|prasasti-prasasti ofmaklumat AshokaAsoka]], whereyang memuat pernyataan [[AshokaAsoka]] writes aboutmengenai "theRaja ''YavanaYawana'' king [[AntiochusAntiokhos II Theos|AntiochusAntiokhos]]"),<ref>"BecauseKarena theorang IoniansYonia, werebaik eitherselaku thekelompok firstmasyarakat orYunani thepertama mostmaupun dominantsebagai groupkelompok amongmasyarakat theYunani Greekspaling withdominan, whomyang peopledijumpai inorang thedi eastDunia came in contactTimur, the Persians calledbangsa allPersia ofmenyebut themmereka ''Yauna'', andsementara thebangsa IndiansIndia usedmenggunakan sebutan ''Yona'' anddan ''YavanaYawana'' forbagi themmereka", Narain, ''The Indo-Greeks'', phlm. 249</ref> buttetapi may havekadang-kadang sometimesdigunakan referredpula tountuk othermenyebut foreignersbangsa asasing welllain afterselepas theabad 1stpertama centurytarikh ADMasehi.<ref>"TheIstilah termini (YavanaYawana) hadmemiliki aarti preciseyang meaningtertentu untilsampai well into thememasuki [[Christiantarikh eraMasehi]], whenmanakala graduallymakna itsaslinya original meaningperlahan-lahan wasmenghilang lost anddan, likesama theseperti wordkata Mleccha"Mlekha", itturun degeneratedtingkat intomenjadi asebutan generalumum termuntuk forseorang a foreignerasing." Narain, phlm. 18</ref><!--
[[Patanjali]], a grammarian and commentator on [[Pāṇini]], around 150 BC, describes in the ''[[Mahābhāṣya|Mahābhāsya]]'', the invasion in two examples using the imperfect tense [[Sanskrit]], denoting a recent or ongoing events:<ref>"Indo-Greek, Indo-Scythian and Indo-Parthian coins in the Smithsonian institution", [[Bopearachchi]], p16.</ref><ref>Tarn, pp. 145–146</ref>
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