Gangguan bipolar: Perbedaan antara revisi
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Berikut ini adalah faktor lingkungan yang dapat memicu terjadinya gangguan bipolar:
* Infeksi virus prenatal telah terlibat dalam sejumlah penyakit mental, termasuk bipolar. Ada bukti yang lebih kuat untuk hubungan antara bipolar dan seropositif untuk infeksi ''T. gondii''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Frye|first=Mark A.|last2=Coombes|first2=Brandon J.|last3=McElroy|first3=Susan L.|last4=Jones-Brando|first4=Lori|last5=Bond|first5=David J.|last6=Veldic|first6=Marin|last7=Romo-Nava|first7=Francisco|last8=Bobo|first8=William V.|last9=Singh|first9=Balwinder|date=2019-12-01|title=Association of Cytomegalovirus and Toxoplasma gondii Antibody Titers With Bipolar Disorder|url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/2751261|journal=JAMA Psychiatry|language=en|volume=76|issue=12|pages=1285|doi=10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.2499|issn=2168-622X|pmc=PMC6751798|pmid=31532468}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Oliveira|first=José|last2=Kazma|first2=Rémi|last3=Le Floch|first3=Edith|last4=Bennabi|first4=Meriem|last5=Hamdani|first5=Nora|last6=Bengoufa|first6=Djaouida|last7=Dahoun|first7=Mehdi|last8=Manier|first8=Céline|last9=Bellivier|first9=Frank|date=2016-12|title=Toxoplasma gondii exposure may modulate the influence of TLR2 genetic variation on bipolar disorder: a gene–environment interaction study|url=http://journalbipolardisorders.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40345-016-0052-6|journal=International Journal of Bipolar Disorders|language=en|volume=4|issue=1|pages=11|doi=10.1186/s40345-016-0052-6|issn=2194-7511|pmc=PMC4875582|pmid=27207565}}</ref>
* Ada hubungan yang signifikan antara perkembangan bipolar dan pelecehan fisik, seksual dan emosional sebelumnya, dan pengabaian fisik dan emosional.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Palmier-Claus|first=J. E.|last2=Berry|first2=K.|last3=Bucci|first3=S.|last4=Mansell|first4=W.|last5=Varese|first5=F.|date=2016-12|title=Relationship between childhood adversity and bipolar affective disorder: systematic review and meta-analysis|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0007125000245698/type/journal_article|journal=British Journal of Psychiatry|language=en|volume=209|issue=6|pages=454–459|doi=10.1192/bjp.bp.115.179655|issn=0007-1250}}</ref> Dalam survei, 30-50% orang dewasa yang didiagnosis dengan gangguan bipolar melaporkan pengalaman traumatis/pelecehan di masa kanak-kanak, yang dikaitkan dengan onset yang lebih awal, tingkat upaya bunuh diri yang lebih tinggi, dan gangguan kejiwaan lain yang terjadi bersamaan seperti [[gangguan stres pascatrauma]].<ref name="Brietzke2012">{{Cite journal|date=December 2012|title=Impact of childhood stress on psychopathology|journal=Rev Bras Psiquiatr|volume=34|issue=4|pages=480–488|doi=10.1016/j.rbp.2012.04.009|pmid=23429820|vauthors=Brietzke E, Kauer Sant'anna M, Jackowski A, Grassi-Oliveira R, Bucker J, Zugman A, Mansur RB, Bressan RA}}</ref>
* Bipolar sering komorbiditas dengan penyalahgunaan zat, termasuk ganja, opioid, kokain, obat penenang dan alkohol, dan kausalitas telah disarankan di kedua arah.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gilman|first=Stephen E.|last2=Dupuy|first2=Jamie M.|last3=Perlis|first3=Roy H.|date=2012-06|title=Risks for the transition from major depressive disorder to bipolar disorder in the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22394428|journal=The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry|volume=73|issue=6|pages=829–836|doi=10.4088/JCP.11m06912|issn=1555-2101|pmc=3703739|pmid=22394428}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Post|first=Robert M.|last2=Kalivas|first2=Peter|date=2013-03|title=Bipolar disorder and substance misuse: pathological and therapeutic implications of their comorbidity and cross-sensitisation|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23457180|journal=The British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science|volume=202|issue=3|pages=172–176|doi=10.1192/bjp.bp.112.116855|issn=1472-1465|pmc=4340700|pmid=23457180}}</ref>
* Secara akut, mania dapat disebabkan oleh [[kurang tidur]] pada sekitar 30% orang dengan gangguan bipolar.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Young|first=JW|last2=Dulcis|first2=D|date=July 15, 2015|title=Investigating the mechanism(s) underlying switching between states in bipolar disorder|url=http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/05z312jn|journal=European Journal of Pharmacology|volume=759|pages=151–162|doi=10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.03.019|pmc=4437855|pmid=25814263}}</ref>
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