Mesir: Perbedaan antara revisi
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[[Berkas:Francois-Louis-Joseph Watteau 001.jpg|jmpl|kiri|''[[Pertempuran Piramida]]'', [[21 Juli]] [[1798]], oleh [[François-Louis-Joseph Watteau]].]]
[[Invasi Prancis di Mesir (1798)|Invasi Prancis di Mesir]] yang singkat itu dipimpin oleh [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] yang dimulai pada [[1798]]. Pengusiran Prancis pada [[1801]] oleh tentara [[Turki Utsmani|Utsmaniyah]], [[Mamluk]], dan [[Britania Raya|Britania]] diikuti dengan empat tahun masa anarki sewaktu bangsa Utsmaniyah, Mamluk, dan [[Orang Albania|Albania]]—yang biasanya tunduk kepada Utsmaniyah—saling berebut kekuasaan. Saat kekacauan ini, komandan resimen Albania, [[Muhammad Ali dari Mesir|Muhammad Ali Pasya]] ([[Kavalali Mehmed Ali Pasha]]) muncul sebagai tokoh, dan pada [[1805]] tanpa sepengetahuan [[Sultan]] di [[Istanbul]], Muhammad Ali diangkat sebagai [[viceroy|raja muda]] di Mesir. Pada tahun 1882 negara ini dikuasai [[Britania Raya
His primary focus was military: he annexed [[Northern Sudan]] (1820–1824), [[Syria]] (1833), and parts of [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]] and [[Anatolia]]; but in 1841 the European powers, fearful lest he topple the Ottoman Empire itself, forced him to return most of his conquests to the Ottomans, but he kept the Sudan and his title to Egypt was made hereditary. A more lasting result of his military ambition is that it required him to modernize the country. Eager to adopt the military (and therefore industrial) techniques of the great powers, he sent students to the West and invited training missions to Egypt. He built industries, a system of canals for irrigation and transport, and reformed the [[civil service]].<ref name="Nejla M. Abu Izzeddin 1973, p 2"/>
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