Histogram: Perbedaan antara revisi
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</ref> dan merupakan salah satu dari 7 ''basic tools of quality control'' yaitu ''[[Diagram Pareto]] (Pareto chart)'', ''[[check sheet]]'', ''[[diagram kontrol]] (control chart)'', ''[[Diagram ishikawa]] (cause-and-effect diagram)'', ''[[Diagram alir]] (flowchart)'', dan ''[[scatter diagram]]''. Laman [[:en:SOCR|lain]] yang menjelaskan konsep histogram termasuk [http://wiki.stat.ucla.edu/socr/index.php/SOCR_EduMaterials_ModelerActivities_MixtureModel_1 konstruksi], model [http://www.socr.ucla.edu/htmls/SOCR_Charts.html diagram] dan
[http://wiki.stat.ucla.edu/socr/index.php/SOCR_EduMaterials_Activities_PowerTransformFamily_Graphs perubahan] nya.
== Definisi matematis ==
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== Definisi fotografis ==
[[Berkas:H&D curve.png|jmpl|350px|ka|Page 10 of Raymond Davis, Jr. and F. M. Walters, Jr., ''Scientific Papers of the Bureau of Standards'', No. 439 (Part of Vol. 18) "Sensitometry of Photographic Emulsions and a Survey of the Characteristics of Plates and Films of American Manufacture," 1922. The next page starts with the H & D quote: "In a theoretically perfect negative, the amounts of silver deposited in the various parts are proportional to the logarithms of the intensities of light proceeding from the corresponding parts of the object." The assumption here, based on empirical observations, is that the "amount of silver" is proportional to the optical density.]]
'''Histogram''' adalah representasi grafis untuk distribusi warna dari citra digital.<ref name=sutton>{{cite web | work = Illustrated Photography | title = Histograms and the Zone System | author = Ed Sutton | url=http://www.illustratedphotography.com/photography-tips/basic/contrast}}</ref> Sumbu ordinat vertikal merupakan representasi piksel dengan nilai tonal dari tiap-tiap deret bin pada sumbu axis horizontalnya.<ref name=sutton/> Sumbu axis terdiri dari deret logaritmik bin ''densitometry'' yang membentuk rentang [[luminasi]] atau ''exposure range'' yang mendekati respon ''spectral sensitivity'' visual mata manusia. Deret bin pada [[density]] yang terpadat mempunyai interval yang relatif sangat linear dengan variabel [[mid-tone]] terletak tepat di tengahnya.
Pada histogram fotografis, grafis batang tidak mempunyai luasan yang menunjukkan jumlah piksel pada tiap bin. Grafis batang menjadi grafis garis vertikal yang mewakili seluruh jumlah piksel pada deret bin [[luminasi]] tersebut. Sebagai contoh, sebuah foto ukuran 4288x2848 piksel yang mempunyai 1 tone akan mempunyai histogram dengan 1 garis lurus vertikal pada nilai bin [[luminasi]]nya, bukan berupa 12,212,224 garis vertikal yang mempunyai panjang sama.
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:<math>\gamma = \frac {{d} \log V_{out}} {{d} \log V_{in}} </math>
dimana <math>V_{out}</math> dan <math>V_{in}</math> adalah relasi bolak balik ([[bahasa inggris|en]]:''reversal'') antara reaksi substrat perak nitrat pada negatif film dan [[iluminasi]] yang mengenainya. Relasi ini dipetakan menjadi diagram yang disebut '''characteristic curves''',<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.kodak.com/global/en/professional/support/techPubs/f4017/f4017.jhtml | title = KODAK PROFESSIONAL TRI-X 400 Film / 400TX | 3 = Kokak Professional Support | access-date = 2009-09-12 | archive-date = 2009-08-02 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090802104632/http://www.kodak.com/global/en/professional/support/techPubs/f4017/f4017.jhtml | dead-url = yes }}</ref> '''Hurter–Driffield curves''',<ref name=palmer/> '''H–D curves''',<ref name=palmer>{{cite book|title = Advanced University Physics|author = Stuart B. Palmer and Mircea S. Rogalski|publisher = Taylor & Francis|year = 1996|isbn = 2884490655|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=TF6Igz5lJLgC&pg=PA349&dq=hurter-driffield-curve+h-d-curve&lr=&as_brr=3&ei=songR5KAJIWusgOWlPQU&sig=FgC6_uAklssPUpNaUyyr2lS0hNk }}</ref> '''HD curves''',<ref>{{cite book|title = Multielement Detection Systems for Spectrochemical Analysis|author = Kenneth W. Busch and Marianna A. Busch|publisher = Wiley-Interscience|year = 1990|isbn = 0471819743|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=9H0W1J-Rku4C&pg=PA339&dq=h-d-curve+density&lr=&as_brr=3&ei=qYzgR46lBYbosQOrzpgV&sig=_kTikTsCw2-7B8XvfO6y73rmTkc#PPA341,M1 }}</ref> '''H & D curves''',<ref>{{cite book|title = Principles of Radiographic Imaging: An Art and a Science|author = Richard R. Carlton, Arlene McKenna Adler|publisher = Thomson Delmar Learning|year = 2000|isbn = 0766813002|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=oA-eBHsapX8C&pg=PA318&dq=h%26d-curve+density&lr=&as_brr=3&ei=to3gR5GCLI6eswOs98kV&sig=s_vE4f5PMysrrCtgM7_HJrsRu_Y }}</ref> '''D–logE curves''',<ref>{{cite book|title = Remote Sensing Geology|author = Ravi P. Gupta|publisher = Springer|year = 2003|isbn = 3540431853|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=74T8X1zqgF4C&pg=PA62&dq=d-log-e-curve+density&lr=&as_brr=3&ei=eY7gR4qWEILusgO60YCrAg&sig=MBImrU6KwlZwoV29Xl1PywwEINQ }}</ref> or '''D–logH curves'''.<ref>{{cite book|title = The Focal Encyclopedia of Photography|author = Leslie D. Stroebel and Richard D. Zakia|publisher = Focal Press|year = 1993|isbn = 0240514173|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=CU7-2ZLGFpYC&pg=PA794&dq=d-log-h-curve+density&lr=&as_brr=3&ei=BI_gR6qIGIiUtgOY5tEV&sig=wfoH3l-C-AKifDLLObbnYn7FrHg }}</ref>
Diagram ini mempunyai rentang linear yang disebut gamma. Pada rentang linear tersebut berlaku:
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