Benito Mussolini: Perbedaan antara revisi

Saat Perang Dunia I mulai meletus, beberapadua partai sosialis seperti [[Partai Demokrat Sosial Jerman]] dan [[Partai Sosialis (Prancis)|Partai Sosialis]] dari Prancis mengumumkan dukungannya terhadap perang tersebatyang terjadi pada tanggal 4 Agustus 1914.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sewell|first=Rob|date=4 Agustus 2014|title=4th August 1914: The Great Betrayal and Collapse of the Second International|url=https://www.marxist.com/4th-august-1914-the-great-betrayal-and-collapse-of-the-second-international.htm|website=In Defence of Marxism|language=en-gb|access-date=28 Mei 2022}}</ref> Waktu itu, kaumpara sosialis didari [[Austria]], Britania, Prancis, dan Jerman mengejar tren nasionalisme yang sedang meningkatmengalami denganpeningkatan [[nasionalisme]] caradengan menyokong keterlibatan negara mereka masing-masing dalam perang.{{sfn|Tucker|2005|p=884}} PerangMeletusnya perang pun juga tersebut menyebabkan [[nasionalisme Italia]] meningkat tajam danyang didukung oleh sejumlah faksifraksi politik yang berbeda. Salah satu tokoh nasionalis Italia yang paling terkenal dan populer adalah [[Gabriele d'Annunzio]], seorang pendukung perang yang menyokong konsep [[iredentisme Italia]] dan membantu mengubahmerubah pendapatpandangan masyarakat mengenaiItalia terhadap keterlibatan Italia dalam perang.{{sfn|Tucker|2005|p=335}}Dukungan ini juga diperkuat oleh [[Partai Liberal Italia]], di bawah kepemimpinan [[Paolo Boselli,]] yang menyokong keterlibatan perang daridi sisipihak [[Blok Sekutu dalam Perang Dunia I|Sekutu]] dan menggunakanmelalui [[PerhimpunanSocieta Dante Alighieri]] untuk menyebarluaskan nasionalisme Italia.{{sfn|Tucker|2005|p=219}}{{sfn|Tucker|2005|p=826}} Di sisi lainMeskipun, kaum sosialis Italia terbelah dalammasih halmemiliki suara yang berbeda terhadap dukungan mereka terhadap perang.{{sfn|Tucker|2005|p=209}} Sebelum Mussolini mengambil posisibagian mengenai dalam Perang Dunia I, sejumlah [[Sindikalisme|sindikalis]] revolusioner sudah menyatakan dukungannya terhadap perang, seperti [[Alceste de Ambris]], [[Filippo Corridoni]], [[Massimo Rocca]] dan [[Angelo Oliviero Olivetti]].{{sfn|Gregor|1979|p=189176}} [[Partai Sosialis Italia]] memutuskan menentang perang setelah peristiwa pembunuhan demonstran antimiliter yang menimbulkan aksi mogok kerja massal ([[Minggu Merah (Italia)|Minggu Merah]]).{{sfn|Tucker|2005|p=596}}

* {{cite book|last=De Felice|first=Renzo|year=1965|title=Mussolini. Il Rivoluzionario,1883–1920|location=Torino|publisher=Einaudi|edition=1|language=it|url-status=live}}

* {{cite book|last=De Felice|first=Renzo|year=1966|title=Mussolini. Il Fascista. 1: La conquista del potere, 1920–1925|location=Torino|publisher=Einaudi|edition=1|language=it|author-link=Renzo De Felice|url-status=live}}

* {{cite book|last=De Felice|first=Renzo|year=1969|title=Mussolini. Il Fascista. 2: L'organizzazione dello Stato fascista, 1925–1929|location=Torino|publisher=Einaudi|edition=1|language=it|url-status=live}}

* {{cite book|last=De Felice|first=Renzo|year=1974|title=Mussolini. Il Duce. 1: Gli anni del consenso, 1929–1936|location=Torino|publisher=Einaudi|edition=1|language=it|url-status=live}}

* {{cite book|last=De Felice|first=Renzo|year=1981|title=Mussolini. Il Duce. 2: Lo stato totalitario, 1936–1940|location=Torino|publisher=Einaudi|edition=1|language=it|url-status=live}}

* {{cite book|last=De Felice|first=Renzo|year=1990|title=Mussolini. L'Alleato, 1940–1942. 1: L'Italia in guerra I. Dalla "guerra breve" alla guerra lunga|location=Torino|publisher=Einaudi|edition=1|language=it|url-status=live}}

* {{cite book|last=De Felice|first=Renzo|year=1990|title=Mussolini. L'Alleato. 1: L'Italia in guerra II: Crisi e agonia del regime|location=Torino|publisher=Einaudi|edition=1|language=it|url-status=live}}

* {{cite book|last=De Felice|first=Renzo|year=1997|title=Mussolini. L'Alleato. 2: La guerra civile, 1943–1945|location=Torino|publisher=Einaudi|edition=1|language=it|url-status=live}}

* {{cite book|last=Gregor|first=Anthony James|year=1979|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=DTZ_holEfS0C&pg=PR3&dq=Young+Mussolini+and+the+Intellectual+Origins+of+Fascism.+Berkeley+and+Los+Angeles&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjukaDv6IL4AhXpS2wGHRgICg0Q6AF6BAgJEAI#v=snippet&q=ambris&f=false|title=Young Mussolini and the Intellectual Origins of Fascism|location=Berkeley and Los Angeles, California; London, England|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0520037991|url-status=live}}

* {{cite book|last=Haugen|first=Brenda|year=2007|title=Benito Mussolini: Fascist Italian Dictator|url=https://archive.org/details/benitomussolinif0000haug|location=Minneapolis, MN|publisher=Compass Point Books|isbn=978-0-7565-1988-9|ref=Haugen|url-status=live}}

* {{cite book|last1=Kroener|first1=Bernhard R.|last2=Muller|first2=Rolf-Dieter|last3=Umbreit|first3=Hans|year=2003|title=Germany and the Second World War Organization and Mobilization in the German Sphere of Power|location=New York|publisher=Oxford University Press, Inc|isbn=978-0-19-820873-0|volume=VII|ref=KMU|url-status=live}}

* {{cite book|last1=Sternhell|first1=Zeev|last2=Sznajder|first2=Mario|last3=Asheri|first3=Maia|year=1994|url=https://archive.org/details/birthoffascistid00ster|title=The Birth of Fascist Ideology: From Cultural Rebellion to Political Revolution|location=Princeton, NJ|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-04486-6|author-link1=Zeev Sternhell|url-status=live}}

* {{cite book|last1=Stang|first1=G. Bruce|year=1999|title=The Munich Crisis 1938: Prelude to World War II|location=London|publisher=Frank Cass|editor1-last=Lukes|editor1-first=Igor|pages=[https://archive.org/details/munichcrisis193800igor/page/160 160–90]|chapter=War and peace: Mussolini's road to Munich|editor2-last=Goldstein|editor2-first=Erik|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/munichcrisis193800igor|url-status=live|chapter-url-access=registration}}

* {{cite book|last1=Tucker|first=Spencer|year=2005|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=2YqjfHLyyj8C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Encyclopedia of World War I: A Political, Social, and Military History|location=Santa Barbara, California|publisher=ABC-CLIO|url-status=live}}

* {{cite book|last1=Weinberg|first=Gerhard|year=2005|title=A World in Arms|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|url-status=live}}