Diskriminasi: Perbedaan antara revisi

Diskriminasi ras dan etnis membedakan individu berdasarkan perbedaan ras dan etnis yang nyata dan dirasakan dan merujuk pada berbagai bentuk [[hukuman etnis]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kislev|first=Elyakim|date=2016-09-19|title=Deciphering the 'Ethnic Penalty' of Immigrants in Western Europe: A Cross-Classified Multilevel Analysis|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11205-016-1451-x|journal=Social Indicators Research|volume=134|issue=2|pages=725–745|doi=10.1007/s11205-016-1451-x}}</ref><ref name="carmichael & woods, 2000">{{Cite journal|last=Carmichael, F.|last2=Woods, R.|year=2000|title=Ethnic Penalties in Unemployment and Occupational Attainment: Evidence for Britain|journal=International Review of Applied Economics|volume=14|issue=1|pages=71–98|doi=10.1080/026921700101498}}</ref> Hal ini juga dapat merujuk pada keyakinan bahwa kelompok manusia memiliki ciri-ciri perilaku yang berbeda sesuai dengan penampilan fisik dan dapat dibagi berdasarkan [[Supremasisme|keunggulan]] satu [[Ras manusia|ras]] di atas ras yang lainnya.<ref name="Dennis">{{Cite journal|last=Dennis, Rutledge M.|year=1995|title=Social Darwinism, scientific racism, and the metaphysics of race|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-negro-education_summer-1995_64_3/page/243|journal=Journal of Negro Education|volume=64|issue=3|pages=243–52|doi=10.2307/2967206|jstor=2967206}}</ref><ref name="oxforddictionaries.com">[http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/racism Racism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913201113/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/racism |date=2016-09-13 }} Oxford Dictionaries</ref><ref name="Ghani">{{Cite book|last=Ghani|first=Navid|date=2008|title=Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society|publisher=SAGE|isbn=978-1-4129-2694-2|editor-last=Schaefer|editor-first=Richard T.|pages=1113–1115|chapter=Racism|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YMUola6pDnkC&q=racism}}</ref><ref name="newman, D.M.">{{Cite book|last=Newman|first=D. M.|year=2012|title=Sociology : exploring the architecture of everyday life|url=https://archive.org/details/sociologyexplori0000newm_y8x0|location=Los Angeles|publisher=SAGE|isbn=978-1-4129-8729-5|edition=9th|page=[https://archive.org/details/sociologyexplori0000newm_y8x0/page/405 405]|quote=racism: Belief that humans are subdivided into distinct groups that are different in their social behavior and innate capacities and that can be ranked as superior or inferior.}}</ref> Bisa juga diartikan sebagai [[prasangka]], diskriminasi, atau antagonisme yang ditujukan kepada orang lain karena mereka berbeda ras atau [[Kelompok etnik|etnis]].<ref name="oxforddictionaries.com" /><ref name="Ghani" /> Varian modern dari rasisme sering didasarkan pada persepsi sosial tentang perbedaan biologis antara masyarakat. Pandangan-pandangan ini dapat berbentuk [[tindakan sosial]], praktik atau kepercayaan, atau [[sistem politik]] dengan ras-ras tertentu berkedudukan lebih tinggi atau lebih rendah. Supremasi ras ini didasarkan pada sifat, kemampuan, atau kualitas yang dianggap dapat diwariskan secara turun temurun.<ref name="oxforddictionaries.com" /><ref name="Ghani" /><ref name="newman">{{Cite book|last=Newman|first=D.M.|year=2012|title=Sociology: exploring the architecture of everyday life|url=https://archive.org/details/sociologyexplori0000newm_y8x0|location=Los Angeles|publisher=Sage|isbn=978-1-4129-8729-5|edition=9th|page=[https://archive.org/details/sociologyexplori0000newm_y8x0/page/405 405]|quote=racism: Belief that humans are subdivided into distinct groups that are different in their social behavior and innate capacities and that can be ranked as superior or inferior.}}</ref> Pandangan ini telah menjadi kebijakan resmi pemerintah di beberapa negara, seperti [[Afrika Selatan]] selama era [[apartheid]]. Kebijakan diskriminatif terhadap etnis minoritas termasuk juga diskriminasi berbasis ras terhadap etnis [[India Malaysia|India]] dan Tionghoa di Malaysia.<ref>"[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7121534.stm Malaysia's lingering ethnic divide]". March 4, 2008. BBC News.</ref> Setelah [[Perang Vietnam]], banyak [[pengungsi]] [[Orang perahu Vietnam|Vietnam]] pindah ke Australia dan Amerika Serikat, tempat mereka juga menghadapi diskriminasi.<ref>Levine, Bertram. (2005). "Not All Black and White". J. Cropp (Ed.), ''Resolving Racial Conflict'', 193-218. London: University of Missouri Press.</ref>

[[Diskriminasi usia|Ageisme]] atau diskriminasi usia adalah diskriminasi dan stereotip berdasarkan usia seseorang.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Definition of Ageism|url=http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/ageism?q=ageism|website=Oxford Dictionaries|publisher=Oxford University Press|access-date=December 4, 2012|archive-date=2013-05-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514145002/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/ageism?q=ageism|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Pandangan ini merupakan seperangkat keyakinan, norma, dan nilai yang digunakan untuk membenarkan diskriminasi atau subordinasi berdasarkan usia seseorang.<ref name="KirkpatrickKatsiaficas1987">{{Cite book|last=Kirkpatrick|first=George R.|last2=Katsiaficas|first2=George N.|last3=Kirkpatrick|first3=Robert George|last4=Mary Lou Emery|year=1987|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xdf2QupEaHgC&pg=PA261|title=Introduction to critical sociology|publisher=Ardent Media|isbn=978-0-8290-1595-9|page=261|access-date=January 28, 2011}}</ref> Ageisme paling sering diarahkan pada orang tua, atau remaja dan anak-anak.<ref>Wilkinson J and Ferraro K, "Thirty Years of Ageism Research". In Nelson T (ed). ''Ageism: Stereotyping and Prejudice Against Older Persons''. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2002</ref><ref>[http://www.youthrights.org/oppressed.php "Young and Oppressed"]. youthrights.org. Retrieved April 11, 2012. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728105250/http://www.youthrights.org/oppressed.php |date=July 28, 2011}}</ref>