Internet: Perbedaan antara revisi

Asal usul Internet berasal dari [[penelitian]] yang ditugaskan oleh [[pemerintah federal Amerika Serikat]] pada tahun 1960-an untuk membangun [[komunikasi]] yang kuat dan toleran terhadap kesalahan dengan [[jaringan komputer]].<ref>[http://www.livinginternet.com/i/ii_ipto.htm "IPTO – InformationIPTO–Information Processing Techniques Office"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702210822/http://www.livinginternet.com/i/ii_ipto.htm |date=2014-07-02 }}, ''The Living Internet'', Bill Stewart (ed), January 2000.</ref> Jaringan prekursor utama, [[ARPANET]], awalnya berfungsi sebagai tulang punggung untuk [[interkoneksi]] jaringan akademik dan [[militer]] regional pada 1980-an. Pendanaan [[National Science Foundation Network]] sebagai tulang punggung baru pada 1980-an, serta pendanaan [[swasta]] untuk ekstensi [[komersial]] lainnya, mendorong partisipasi dunia dalam pengembangan teknologi jaringan baru, dan penggabungan banyak jaringan.<ref>[http://www.livinginternet.com/i/ii_summary.htm "Internet History – OneHistory–One Page Summary"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702210150/http://www.livinginternet.com/i/ii_summary.htm |date=2014-07-02 }}, ''The Living Internet'', Bill Stewart (ed), January 2000.</ref> Keterkaitan jaringan komersial dan perusahaan pada awal 1990-an menandai dimulainya transisi ke internet modern,<ref>[http://www.nethistory.info/History%20of%20the%20Internet/origins.html "So, who really did invent the Internet?"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903001108/http://www.nethistory.info/History%20of%20the%20Internet/origins.html |date=3 September 2011 }}, Ian Peter, The Internet History Project, 2004. Retrieved 27 June 2014.</ref> dan menghasilkan pertumbuhan eksponensial yang berkelanjutan ketika generasi komputer institusional, [[personal]], dan [[seluler]] terhubung ke jaringan. Meskipun internet banyak digunakan oleh [[akademisi]] sejak 1980-an, komersialisasi memasukkan layanan dan teknologinya ke dalam hampir setiap aspek kehidupan modern.

Pengembangan [[transistor]] merupakan hal mendasar bagi Internet.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jakubowski |first1=A. |last2=Łukasiak |first2=L. |title=History of Semiconductors |journal=Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology |date=2010 |volume=nr 1 |pages=3–9 |url=http://yadda.icm.edu.pl/baztech/element/bwmeta1.element.baztech-article-BATA-0008-0020}}</ref><ref name="Lambert">{{cite book |last1=Lambert |first1=Laura |last2=Poole |first2=Hilary W. |last3=Woodford |first3=Chris |last4=Moschovitis |first4=Christos J. P. |title=The Internet: A Historical Encyclopedia |date=2005 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |isbn=9781851096596 |page=16 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qi-ItIG6QLwC&pg=RA2-PA16}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Gaudin |first1=Sharon |title=The transistor: The most important invention of the 20th century? |url=https://www.computerworld.com/article/2538123/the-transistor--the-most-important-invention-of-the-20th-century-.html?page=2 |accessdate=10 August 2019 |work=[[Computerworld]] |date=12 December 2007}}</ref> Transistor pertama ditemukan oleh [[William Shockley]], [[Walter Houser Brattain]] dan [[John Bardeen]] di [[Bell Labs]] pada tahun 1947.<ref name="Lambert"/> [[MOSFET]] (''metal-oxide-silicon field-effect transistor''), juga dikenal sebagai transistor MOS, kemudian ditemukan oleh [[Mohamed Atalla]] dan [[Dawon Kahng]] di Bell Labs pada tahun 1959.<ref name="computerhistory">{{cite journal|url=https://www.computerhistory.org/siliconengine/metal-oxide-semiconductor-mos-transistor-demonstrated/|title=1960 - Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) Transistor Demonstrated|journal=The Silicon Engine|publisher=[[Computer History Museum]]}}</ref><ref name="Lojek">{{cite book |last1=Lojek |first1=Bo |title=History of Semiconductor Engineering |url=https://archive.org/details/historysemicondu00loje_697 |date=2007 |publisher=[[Springer Science & Business Media]] |isbn=9783540342588 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/historysemicondu00loje_697/page/321 321]–3}}</ref><ref name="computerhistory-transistor">{{cite web |title=Who Invented the Transistor? |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/atchm/who-invented-the-transistor/ |website=[[Computer History Museum]] |date=4 December 2013 |accessdate=20 July 2019}}</ref> MOSFET adalah blok penyusun atau "pekerja keras" dari [[revolusi informasi]] dan era [[informasi]],<ref name="triumph">{{cite web |title=Triumph of the MOS Transistor |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q6fBEjf9WPw |website=[[YouTube]] |publisher=[[Computer History Museum]] |accessdate=21 July 2019 |date=6 August 2010}}</ref><ref name="Raymer">{{cite book |last1=Raymer |first1=Michael G. |title=The Silicon Web: Physics for the Internet Age |date=2009 |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |isbn=9781439803127 |page=365 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PLYChGDqa6EC&pg=PA365}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Transistors - an overview |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/computer-science/transistors |website=[[ScienceDirect]] |accessdate=8 August 2019}}</ref> dan perangkat yang paling banyak diproduksi dalam sejarah.<ref name="computerhistory2018">{{cite web |title=13 Sextillion & Counting: The Long & Winding Road to the Most Frequently Manufactured Human Artifact in History |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/atchm/13-sextillion-counting-the-long-winding-road-to-the-most-frequently-manufactured-human-artifact-in-history/ |date=April 2, 2018 |website=[[Computer History Museum]] |accessdate=28 July 2019}}</ref><ref name="Baker">{{cite book |last1=Baker |first1=R. Jacob |title=CMOS: Circuit Design, Layout, and Simulation |date=2011 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |isbn=978-1118038239 |page=7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kxYhNrOKuJQC&pg=PA7}}</ref> [[Sirkuit terpadu]] [[MOS]] dan [[daya MOSFET]] menggerakkan [[komputer]] dan [[infrastruktur komunikasi]] yang mendayakan Internet.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fossum |first1=Jerry G. |last2=Trivedi |first2=Vishal P. |title=Fundamentals of Ultra-Thin-Body MOSFETs and FinFETs |date=2013 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=9781107434493 |page=vii |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zZJfAAAAQBAJ&pg=PR7}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Omura |first1=Yasuhisa |last2=Mallik |first2=Abhijit |last3=Matsuo |first3=Naoto |title=MOS Devices for Low-Voltage and Low-Energy Applications |date=2017 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |isbn=9781119107354 |page=53 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yOjFDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA53}}</ref><ref name="Whiteley">{{cite book |last1=Whiteley |first1=Carol |last2=McLaughlin |first2=John Robert |title=Technology, Entrepreneurs, and Silicon Valley |date=2002 |publisher=Institute for the History of Technology |isbn=9780964921719 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x9koAQAAIAAJ |quote=These active electronic components, or power semiconductor products, from Siliconix are used to switch and convert power in a wide range of systems, from portable information appliances to the communications infrastructure that enable the Internet. The company's power MOSFETs — tinyMOSFETs—tiny solid-state switches, or metal oxide semiconductor field-effect transistors — andtransistors—and power integrated circuits are widely used in cell phones and notebook computers to manage battery power efficiently}}</ref> Bersamaan dengan komputer, elemen-elemen penting lainnya dari Internet dibangun dari MOSFET termasuk [[peranti bergerak]], [[pemancar-penerima]], modul [[stasiun basis]], [[perute]], [[amplifier daya RF]],<ref name="Asif">{{cite book |last1=Asif |first1=Saad |title=5G Mobile Communications: Concepts and Technologies |date=2018 |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |isbn=9780429881343 |pages=128-134 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yg1mDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT128}}</ref> [[mikroprosesor]], [[Memori (komputer)|keping memori]], dan [[telekomunikasi sirkuit]].<ref name="Colinge">{{cite book |last1=Colinge |first1=Jean-Pierre |last2=Greer |first2=James C. |title=Nanowire Transistors: Physics of Devices and Materials in One Dimension |date=2016 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=9781107052406 |page=2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FvjUCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA2}}</ref>