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Sebagai anggota Uni Eropa , Britania Raya dapat mengadopsi euro sebagai mata uangnya. Namun, subjeknya selalu kontroversial secara politik, dan BR menegosiasikan pilihan untuk tidak ikut dalam masalah ini. Menyusul penarikan BR dari UE , pada 31 Januari 2020, Bank of England mengakhiri keanggotaannya di Sistem Bank Sentral Eropa , <ref name=":0" /> dan saham di Bank Sentral Eropa dialokasikan kembali ke bank-bank UE lainnya. <ref>{{Cite press release |title=ECB's subscribed capital to remain steady after Bank of England leaves the European System of Central Banks |date=30 January 2020 |publisher=European Central Bank |url=https://www.ecb.europa.eu/press/pr/date/2020/html/ecb.pr200130_2~59d6ffffe1.en.html |access-date=29 June 2020 |archive-date=4 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604225347/https://www.ecb.europa.eu/press/pr/date/2020/html/ecb.pr200130_2~59d6ffffe1.en.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
===Recent exchangeNilai tukar terbaru rates===
{{Main|Ekonomi Britania Raya}}
{{Main|Economy of the United Kingdom#Exchange rates}}
[[File:GBP-USD v2.svg|thumb|368px|right|The cost of £1 sterling in [[US dollar]]s (from 1990)]]
[[File:Euro exchange rate to GBP.svg|thumb|368px|right|The cost of one [[Euro]] in sterling (from 1999)]] ▼
atau dalam Bahasa Indonesia secara detail: Ekonomi Britania Raya Nilai tukar.[[File:GBP-USD v2.svg|thumb|368px|right|Biaya £1 sterling dalam dolar AS (dari 1990)]]
Sterling and the euro fluctuate in value against one another, although there may be correlation between movements in their respective exchange rates with other currencies such as the US dollar. Inflation concerns in the UK led the Bank of England to raise interest rates in late 2006 and 2007. This caused sterling to appreciate against other major currencies and, with the US dollar depreciating at the same time, sterling hit a 15-year high against the US dollar on 18 April 2007, with £1 reaching US$2 the day before, for the first time since 1992. Sterling and many other currencies continued to appreciate against the dollar; sterling hit a 26-year high of £1 to US$2.1161 on 7 November 2007 as the dollar fell worldwide.<ref>{{Cite news |last=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=18 April 2007 |title=Pound reaches 26-year dollar high |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/6566715.stm |access-date=17 April 2010 |archive-date=26 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226213652/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/6566715.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> From mid-2003 to mid-2007, the pound/euro rate remained within a narrow range (€1.45 ± 5%).<ref>[http://www.oanda.com/products/fxgraph/fxgraph.shtml FXGraph: Graphical Display of Currency Rates] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060707192415/http://www.oanda.com/products/fxgraph/fxgraph.shtml |date=7 July 2006 }} OANDA.COM</ref>
▲[[File:Euro exchange rate to GBP.svg|thumb|368px|right| TheBiaya costsatu of one [[Euro ]] indalam sterling ( fromdari 1999)]]
Sterling dan euro berfluktuasi nilainya terhadap satu sama lain, meskipun mungkin ada korelasi antara pergerakan nilai tukar masing-masing dengan mata uang lain seperti dolar AS. Kekhawatiran inflasi di BR membuat Bank of England menaikkan suku bunga pada akhir 2006 dan 2007. Hal ini menyebabkan sterling terapresiasi terhadap mata uang utama lainnya dan, dengan depresiasi dolar AS pada saat yang sama, sterling mencapai level tertinggi 15 tahun terhadap mata uang asing. Dolar AS pada 18 April 2007, dengan £1 mencapai US$2 sehari sebelumnya, untuk pertama kalinya sejak 1992. Sterling dan banyak mata uang lainnya terus terapresiasi terhadap dolar; sterling mencapai level tertinggi 26 tahun sebesar £1 menjadi US$2,1161 pada tanggal 7 November 2007 karena dolar jatuh di seluruh dunia. <ref name=":0" />Dari pertengahan 2003 hingga pertengahan 2007, kurs pound/euro tetap dalam kisaran sempit (€1,45 ± 5%). <ref>[http://www.oanda.com/products/fxgraph/fxgraph.shtml FXGraph: Graphical Display of Currency Rates] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060707192415/http://www.oanda.com/products/fxgraph/fxgraph.shtml |date=7 July 2006 }} OANDA.COM</ref>
Following the [[global financial crisis of 2008–2009|global financial crisis in late 2008]], sterling depreciated sharply, declining to £1 to US$1.38 on 23 January 2009<ref>{{cite web |title=GBPUSD=X: Basic Chart for GBP/USD – Yahoo! Finance |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/q/bc?s=GBPUSD=X&t=3m&l=on&z=m&q=l&c= |access-date=17 April 2010 |publisher=Finance.yahoo.com |archive-date=5 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100505033131/http://finance.yahoo.com/q/bc?s=GBPUSD=X&t=3m&l=on&z=m&q=l&c= |url-status=live }}</ref> and falling below £1 to €1.25 against the euro in April 2008.<ref>{{cite web |title=ECB ratings: Pound sterling in Euros |url=http://www.ecb.int/stats/exchange/eurofxref/html/eurofxref-graph-gbp.en.html |access-date=17 April 2010 |publisher=European Central Bank |archive-date=1 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130801082219/http://www.ecb.int/stats/exchange/eurofxref/html/eurofxref-graph-gbp.en.html |url-status=live }}</ref> There was a further decline during the remainder of 2008, most dramatically on 29 December when its euro rate hit an all-time low at €1.0219, while its US dollar rate depreciated.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 December 2008 |title=Pound hits new low against euro |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7802981.stm |access-date=17 April 2010 |archive-date=3 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903072725/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7802981.stm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=16 April 2011 |title=Historical rates |url=http://www.oanda.com/currency/historical-rates |access-date=6 November 2011 |publisher=Oanda Corporation |archive-date=2 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110202154335/http://www.oanda.com/currency/historical-rates |url-status=live }}</ref> Sterling appreciated in early 2009, reaching a peak against the euro of £1 to €1.17 in mid-July. In the following months sterling remained broadly steady against the euro, with £1 valued on 27 May 2011 at €1.15 and US$1.65.
Setelah krisis keuangan global pada akhir 2008 , sterling terdepresiasi tajam, turun menjadi £1 menjadi US$1,38 pada 23 Januari 2009 <ref name=":0" /> dan jatuh di bawah £1 menjadi €1,25 terhadap euro pada April 2008. <ref name=":0" /> Terjadi penurunan lebih lanjut selama sisa tahun 2008, paling dramatis pada tanggal 29 Desember ketika nilai euro mencapai titik terendah sepanjang masa di €1,0219, sementara nilai dolar AS terdepresiasi. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":0" /> Sterling dihargai pada awal 2009, mencapai puncaknya terhadap euro sebesar £1 hingga €1,17 pada pertengahan Juli. Pada bulan-bulan berikutnya sterling tetap stabil secara luas terhadap euro, dengan nilai £1 pada 27 Mei 2011 di €1,15 dan US$1,65.
On 5 March 2009, the [[Bank of England]] announced that it would pump £75 billion of new [[capital (economics)|capital]] into the [[Economy of the United Kingdom|British economy]], through a process known as [[quantitative easing]] (QE). This was the first time in the United Kingdom's history that this measure had been used, although the Bank's [[Governor of the Bank of England|Governor]] [[Mervyn King, Baron King of Lothbury|Mervyn King]] suggested it was not an experiment.<ref name="BBC">{{Cite news |last=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=5 March 2009 |title=Bank to pump £75bn into economy |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7927100.stm |access-date=5 March 2009 |archive-date=6 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090306232113/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7927100.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> ▼
▲OnPada tanggal 5 MarchMaret 2009, the [[Bank of England ]] announcedmengumumkan thatbahwa itmereka wouldakan pumpmemompa £75 billion ofmiliar newmodal [[capitalbaru (economics)|capital]]ke intodalam theekonomi [[EconomyBritania of the United Kingdom|British economy]], throughmelalui aproses processyang knowndikenal assebagai [[quantitativepelonggaran easing]]kuantitatif (QE). ThisIni wasadalah thepertama firstkalinya timedalam insejarah theBritania UnitedRaya Kingdom'sbahwa historyukuran thatini thistelah measure had been useddigunakan, althoughmeskipun theGubernur Bank 's [[Governor of the Bank of England|Governor]] [[Mervyn King , Baronmenyarankan Kingitu ofbukan Lothbury|Mervynpercobaan. King]] suggested it was not an experiment.<ref name="BBC">{{Cite news |last=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=5 March 2009 |title=Bank to pump £75bn into economy |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7927100.stm |access-date=5 March 2009 |archive-date=6 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090306232113/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7927100.stm |url-status=live }}</ref>
The process saw the Bank of England creating new money for itself, which it then used to purchase [[asset]]s such as [[government bond]]s, secured [[commercial paper]], or [[corporate bond]]s.<ref name="CNN1">{{Cite news |last=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=6 March 2009 |title=ECB, Bank of England cut rates to record lows |work=CNN|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2009/BUSINESS/03/05/uk.interest.rate/index.html |access-date=6 March 2009 |archive-date=18 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118162110/http://edition.cnn.com/2009/BUSINESS/03/05/uk.interest.rate/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The initial amount stated to be created through this method was £75 billion, although [[Chancellor of the Exchequer]] [[Alistair Darling]] had given permission for up to £150 billion to be created if necessary.<ref name="Times">{{Cite news |last=Duncan |first=Gary |date=6 March 2009 |title=Bank 'prints' £75bn and cuts interest rates in half |work=The Times |location=London |url=http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/business/economics/article2149937.ece |url-access=subscription |access-date=5 March 2009 |archive-date=3 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303163902/http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/business/economics/article2149937.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> It was expected that the process would continue for three months, with results only likely in the long term.<ref name=BBC /> By 5 November 2009, some £175 billion had been injected using QE, and the process remained less effective in the long term. In July 2012, the final increase in QE meant it had peaked at £375 billion, then holding solely UK Government bonds, representing one third of the UK national debt.<ref name="BofEAPF">{{Cite news |last=Meaden |first=Sam |date=6 April 2013 |title=Bank of England, Asset Purchase Facility – Results |publisher=Bank of England |url=http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/markets/Pages/apf/results.aspx |access-date=6 April 2013 |archive-date=16 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130216051135/http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/markets/Pages/apf/results.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref>
Prosesnya melihat Bank of England menciptakan uang baru untuk dirinya sendiri, yang kemudian digunakan untuk membeli aset seperti obligasi pemerintah , surat berharga komersial , atau obligasi korporasi . <ref name=":0" /> Jumlah awal yang dinyatakan akan dibuat melalui metode ini adalah £75 miliar, meskipun Menteri Keuangan Alistair Darling telah memberikan izin hingga £150 miliar untuk dibuat jika perlu. <ref name=":0" /> Diharapkan proses ini akan berlanjut selama tiga bulan, dengan hasil yang mungkin hanya dalam jangka panjang. <ref name=":0" />Pada 5 November 2009, sekitar £175 miliar telah disuntikkan menggunakan QE, dan prosesnya tetap kurang efektif dalam jangka panjang. Pada Juli 2012, peningkatan terakhir dalam QE berarti telah mencapai puncaknya pada £375 miliar, kemudian hanya memegang obligasi Pemerintah BR, yang mewakili sepertiga dari utang nasional BR. <ref name="BofEAPF">{{Cite news |last=Meaden |first=Sam |date=6 April 2013 |title=Bank of England, Asset Purchase Facility – Results |publisher=Bank of England |url=http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/markets/Pages/apf/results.aspx |access-date=6 April 2013 |archive-date=16 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130216051135/http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/markets/Pages/apf/results.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref>
The result of the [[2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum|2016 UK referendum on EU membership]] caused a major decline in sterling against other world currencies as the future of international trade relationships and domestic political leadership became unclear.<ref>{{cite web |last=Lawrence |first=Colin |title=Exchange Rates Today: British Pound Slumps Vs Euro, Dollar As UK Services Hits Record Low |url=http://www.exchangerates.org.uk/news/15728/gbp-eur-pound-to-euro-exchange-rate-news-and-fiveday-forecast.html |website=Exchange Rates UK – Live Coverage of the British Pound & Other G10 Currencies |access-date=7 July 2016 |archive-date=7 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160707071826/http://www.exchangerates.org.uk/news/15728/gbp-eur-pound-to-euro-exchange-rate-news-and-fiveday-forecast.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The referendum result weakened sterling against the euro by 5% overnight. The night before the vote, sterling was trading at £1 to €1.30; the next day, this had fallen to £1 to €1.23. By October 2016, the exchange rate was £1 to €1.12, a fall of 14% since the referendum. By the end of August 2017 sterling was even lower, at £1 to €1.08.<ref>{{cite web |title=British Pound (GBP) to Euro (EUR) exchange rate history |url=http://www.exchangerates.org.uk/GBP-EUR-exchange-rate-history.html |website=www.exchangerates.org.uk |access-date=24 October 2016 |archive-date=24 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161024215246/http://www.exchangerates.org.uk/GBP-EUR-exchange-rate-history.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Against the US dollar, meanwhile, sterling fell from £1 to $1.466 to £1 to $1.3694 when the referendum result was first revealed, and down to £1 to $1.2232 by October 2016, a fall of 16%.<ref>{{cite web |title=British Pound (GBP) to US Dollar (USD) exchange rate history |url=http://www.exchangerates.org.uk/GBP-USD-exchange-rate-history.html |website=www.exchangerates.org.uk |access-date=24 October 2016 |archive-date=24 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161024195104/http://www.exchangerates.org.uk/GBP-USD-exchange-rate-history.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
Hasil referendum BR 2016 tentang keanggotaan UE menyebabkan penurunan besar dalam sterling terhadap mata uang dunia lainnya karena masa depan hubungan perdagangan internasional dan kepemimpinan politik domestik menjadi tidak jelas. <ref name=":0" /> Hasil referendum melemahkan sterling terhadap euro sebesar 5% semalam. Malam sebelum pemungutan suara, sterling diperdagangkan pada £1 hingga €1,30; hari berikutnya, ini turun menjadi £1 menjadi €1,23. Pada Oktober 2016, nilai tukar adalah £1 menjadi €1,12, turun 14% sejak referendum. Pada akhir Agustus 2017 sterling bahkan lebih rendah, pada £1 menjadi €1,08. <ref name=":0" /> Terhadap dolar AS, sementara itu, sterling turun dari £1 menjadi $1,466 menjadi £1 menjadi $1,3694 ketika hasil referendum pertama kali diumumkan, dan turun menjadi £1 menjadi $1,2232 pada Oktober 2016, turun 16%. <ref>{{cite web |title=British Pound (GBP) to US Dollar (USD) exchange rate history |url=http://www.exchangerates.org.uk/GBP-USD-exchange-rate-history.html |website=www.exchangerates.org.uk |access-date=24 October 2016 |archive-date=24 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161024195104/http://www.exchangerates.org.uk/GBP-USD-exchange-rate-history.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
In September 2022, under the influence of inflation and tax cuts funded by borrowing,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-49179234 | title=Exchange rates: Why has the value of the pound tumbled? |work=BBC News |date=26 September 2022 |access-date=26 September 2022 }}</ref> sterling's value reached an all-time low of just over $1.03.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-63030208 | title=Pound hits record low after tax cut plans | work=BBC News |date=26 September 2022 |access-date=26 September 2022 }}</ref> ▼
▲InPada September 2022, underdi thebawah influencepengaruh ofinflasi inflationdan andpemotongan taxpajak cutsyang fundeddidanai byoleh borrowingpinjaman, <ref >{{cite news |urlname= https": //www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-491792340" | title=Exchange rates: Why has the value of the pound tumbled? |work=BBC News |date=26 September 2022 |access-date=26 September 2022 }}</ ref> nilai sterling 's valuemencapai reachedtitik anterendah all-timesepanjang lowmasa ofdi just overatas $1 .,03. <ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-63030208 | title=Pound hits record low after tax cut plans | work=BBC News |date=26 September 2022 |access-date=26 September 2022 }}</ref>
===Annual inflation rate===
[[File:Uk Inflation data.webp|thumb|300px|Uk Inflation data ▼=== Tingkat inflasi tahunan ===
{{legend-line|#00A2FF solid 4px|[[Consumer price index|CPI]]}} ▼▲[[File:Uk Inflation data.webp|thumb|300px| UkData InflationInflasi dataBr
▲{{legend-line|#00A2FF solid 4px|[[ :en:Consumer price index|CPI]]}}
{{legend-line|#61D836 solid 4px|CPIH (CPI+OOH)}}
{{legend-line|#929292 solid 4px|OOHPemilik [[Owner-occupancy|OwnerOOH occupied]]menduduki housinginflasi inflationperumahan}}
]]
Bank of England telah menyatakan pada tahun 2009 bahwa keputusan telah diambil untuk mencegah tingkat inflasi jatuh di bawah tingkat target 2%. Mervyn King , Gubernur Bank of England, juga telah menyarankan tidak ada opsi moneter lain yang tersisa, karena suku bunga telah dipotong ke level terendah (0,5%) dan kemungkinan tidak akan dipotong. lebih jauh. <ref name="Times">{{Cite news|last=Duncan|first=Gary|date=6 March 2009|title=Bank 'prints' £75bn and cuts interest rates in half|url=http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/business/economics/article2149937.ece|work=The Times|location=London|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303163902/http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/business/economics/article2149937.ece|archive-date=3 March 2014|access-date=5 March 2009|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}</ref>
The Bank of England had stated in 2009 that the decision had been taken to prevent the rate of [[inflation]] falling below the 2% target rate.<ref name=CNN1 /> [[Mervyn King, Baron King of Lothbury|Mervyn King]], the Governor of the Bank of England, had also suggested there were no other monetary options left, as [[interest rates]] had already been cut to their lowest level ever (0.5%) and it was unlikely that they would be cut further.<ref name=Times />
TheTingkat inflationinflasi ratepada rosetahun-tahun inberikutnya following yearsmeningkat, reachingmencapai 5.,2% per yeartahun (basedberdasarkan onIndeks theHarga [[ConsumerKonsumen Price Index (United Kingdom)|Consumer Price Index]]) inpada September 2011, thenkemudian decreasedmenurun tomenjadi aroundsekitar 2.,5% thepada followingtahun yearberikutnya. <ref>{{Cite news |last1name=Rogers |first1=Simon |last2=Sedghi |first2=Ami |date=12 November 2013 |title=UK inflation since 1948 |work=[[The Guardian]] |location=London |url=https"://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2009/mar/09/inflation-economics0" |access-date=14 February 2014 |archive-date=17 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517075908/https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2009/mar/09/inflation-economics |url-status=live }}</ref> Setelah Afterbeberapa atahun numberketika ofinflasi yearstetap whenmendekati inflationatau remaineddi nearbawah or below the Bank'starget 2% targetBank, tahun 2021 sawmengalami apeningkatan significantyang andsignifikan sustaineddan increaseberkelanjutan ondi allsemua indicesindeks: {{asper of|November 2021|lc=on}} , [[Retail Price Index|RPI]] hadtelah reachedmencapai 7.,1%, [[Consumer Price Index|CPI]] 5.,1% anddan [[CPIH]] 4.,6%. <ref name="ONS 15/12/21">{{cite web |title=Inflation and price indices |publisher=[[Office for National Statistics]] |date=15 December 2021 |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/inflationandpriceindices |access-date=14 March 2017 |archive-date=15 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170315014653/https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/inflationandpriceindices |url-status=live }}</ref>
== Koin ==
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