Mesir: Perbedaan antara revisi

Nama '''Mesir''' dalam [[bahasa Indonesia]], berasal dari istilah Arab ''{{Transl|ar|Miṣr}}'' ({{IPA-ar|mi̠sˤr|IPA}} atau {{IPA-arz|mesˤɾ}}; {{lang-ar|مِصر}}) adalah [[Bahasa Arab|Arab klasik]] Al Quran dan menjadi nama resmi Mesir, sementara ''{{transl|arz|Maṣr}}'' ({{IPA-arz|mɑsˤɾ|IPA}}; {{lang-arz|مَصر}}) adalah penyebutan lokal Bahasa Arab dialek Mesir. Nama ini berasal dari [[Bahasa Semit|rumpun Semit]], secara langsung terkait dengan nama Mesir dalam bahasa Semit lainnya, seperti [[Bahasa Ibrani|Ibrani]] {{Hebrew|מִצְרַיִם}} (''{{Transl|he|Mitzráyim}}''). Catatan tertua yang merujuk mengenai nama Mesir, tercatat dalam [[Bahasa Akkadia|Akkadia]] 𒆳 𒈪 𒄑 𒊒 ^'''KUR''''''mi-iṣ-ru''' ''miṣru,''<ref>The ending of the Hebrew form is either a [[Dual (grammatical number)|dual]] or an ending identical to the dual in form (perhaps a [[locative]]), and this has sometimes been taken as referring to the two kingdoms of Upper and Lower Egypt. However, the application of the (possibly) "dual" ending to some toponyms and other words, a development peculiar to Hebrew, does not in fact imply any "two-ness" about the place. The ending is found, for example, in the Hebrew words for such single entities as "water" (מַיִם), "noon" (צָהֳרַיִם), "sky/heaven" (שָׁמַיִם), and in the ''[[Qere and Ketiv|qere]]'' – but not the original ''ketiv'' – of "Jerusalem" (ירושל[י]ם). It should also be noted that the dual ending – which may or may not be what the ''-áyim'' in ''Mitzráyim'' actually represents – was available to other Semitic languages, such as Arabic, but was not applied to Egypt. See ''inter alia'' Aaron Demsky ("Hebrew Names in the Dual Form and the Toponym Yerushalayim" in Demsky (ed.) ''These Are the Names: Studies in Jewish Onomastics'', Vol. 3 (Ramat Gan, 2002), pp. 11–20), Avi Hurvitz (''A Concise Lexicon of Late Biblical Hebrew: Linguistic Innovations in the Writings of the Second Temple Period'' (Brill, 2014), [https://books.google.com/books?id=p1AMBAAAQBAJ&lpg=PP1&pg=PA128 p. 128]) and Nadav Na’aman ("Shaaraim – The Gateway to the Kingdom of Judah" in ''The Journal of Hebrew Scriptures'', Vol. 8 (2008), article [http://www.jhsonline.org/Articles/article_101.pdf no. 24] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017233422/http://www.jhsonline.org/Articles/article_101.pdf|date=2014-10-17}}, pp. 2–3).</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = On the So-Called Ventive Morpheme in the Akkadian Texts of Amurru|url = https://www.academia.edu/371050/On_the_So-Called_Ventive_Morpheme_in_the_Akkadian_Texts_of_Amurru|website = www.academia.edu|accessdate = 2015-11-18|page = 84|archive-date = 2016-01-18|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160118112500/http://www.academia.edu/371050/On_the_So-Called_Ventive_Morpheme_in_the_Akkadian_Texts_of_Amurru|dead-url = no}}</ref> terkait dengan istilah ''miṣru/miṣirru/miṣaru'', yang bermakna "perbatasan" atau "daerah pinggiran".<ref>{{Cite book|title = A Concise Dictionary of Akkadian|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=-qIuVCsRb98C&lpg=PP1&pg=PA212#v=onepage&q=misru|publisher = Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|date = 2000-01-01|isbn = 9783447042642|first = Jeremy A.|last = Black|first2 = Andrew|last2 = George|first3 = J. N.|last3 = Postgate}}</ref>

Penguasa Muslim ditunjuk [[Khalifah|kekhalifahan Islam]] untuk tetap in [[Sejarah Arab-Mesir|menguasai Mesir]] selama enam [[abad]] berikutnya, dengan [[Kairo]] sebagai pusat kekhalifahan dibawah [[Kekhalifahan Fatimiyah|Fathimiyah]]. Dengan berakhirnya [[Dinasti Ayyubiyah]] [[Orang Kurdi|Kurdi]], [[Mamluk]], sebuah kasta [[militer]] [[Bangsa Turki|Turko]]-[[Orang Adyghe|Sirkasia]], mengambil kontrol pada [[1250]] [[Masehi|M]]. Pada akhir [[abad ke-13]], Mesir menghubungkan [[Laut Merah]], [[India]], [[Malaya]], dan [[Samudra Hindia]].<ref name="Abu-Lughod">{{Cite book|last=Abu-Lughod|first=Janet L.|authorlink=Janet Abu-Lughod|title=Before European Hegemony: The World System A.D. 1250–1350|location=New York|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1991|origyear=1989|pages=243–244|isbn=978-0195067743|chapter=The Mideast Heartland|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=rYlgGU2SLiQC&lpg=PP1&dq=editions%3ArYlgGU2SLiQC&pg=PA244#v=onepage&q&f=false|access-date=2012-05-05|archive-date=2023-02-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230216160334/https://books.google.com/books?id=rYlgGU2SLiQC&lpg=PP1&dq=editions:rYlgGU2SLiQC&pg=PA244&hl=en#v=onepage&q&f=false|dead-url=no}}</ref> Mereka terus memerintah negara itu sampai [[Sejarah Mesir Utsmaniyah|penaklukan Mesir]] oleh [[Turki Utsmaniyah]] pada [[1517]], yang setelahnya Mesir akan menjadi provinsi dari [[Kesultanan Utsmaniyah]]. Sekitar 40% populasi Mesir pada pertengahan [[abad ke-14]] terbunuh oleh [[Kematian Hitam]].<ref>[http://countrystudies.us/egypt/57.htm Egypt – Major Cities] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117011718/http://countrystudies.us/egypt/57.htm |date=2013-01-17 }}, ''U.S. Library of Congress''</ref>

Setelah [[abad ke-15]], invasi [[Kesultanan Utsmaniyah|Utsmaniyah]] menekan sistem Mesir mengalami kemunduran. Militarisasi defensif merusak masyarakat sipil dan institusi [[ekonomi]].<ref name="Abu-Lughod"/> Melemahnya sistem ekonomi yang dikombinasikan dengan efek dari penyakit pes yang meninggalkan Mesir yang membuat ia rentan dari [[invasi]] asing. Pedagang [[Portugis]] mengambil alih perdagangan mereka.<ref name="Abu-Lughod"/> Mesir mengalami enam kelaparan antara [[1687]] dan [[1731]].<ref>{{Cite book|name=Donald Quataert|title=The Ottoman Empire, 1700–1922|url=https://archive.org/details/ottomanempire00quat|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2005|isbn=0521839106|page=[https://archive.org/details/ottomanempire00quat/page/n137 115]}}</ref> [[Kelaparan]] [[1784]] menyebabkan kerugian yang kira-kira seperenam dari penduduknya.<ref>"[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/11/061121232204.htm Icelandic Volcano Caused Historic Famine In Egypt, Study Shows] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110506045206/http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/11/061121232204.htm |date=2011-05-06 }}". ''ScienceDaily.'' 22 November 2006</ref>