E (Kiril): Perbedaan antara revisi

'''E''' (Э э; italik: {{serif|''Æ æ''}}; juga dikenal sebagai '''''e''''' '''terbalik''', dari [[Bahasa Rusia|Rusia]] {{lang|ru|э оборо́тное}}, ''e oborótnoye'', {{IPA-ru|ˈɛ ɐbɐˈrotnəjə|}} adalah huruf yang ditemukan dua [[Bahasa Slavia]]: [[Bahasa Rusia|Rusia]] dan [[Bahasa Belarus|Belarus]]. Itu melambangkan [[vokal]] {{IPA-all|e|}} dan {{IPA-all|ɛ|}}, seperti e dalam kata "'''e'''ditor". Dalam Bahasa Slavia lain, huruf yang digunakan dalam [[Alfabet Kiril]], suara dilambangkan oleh [[Ye (Sirilik)|Ye]] (Е е), which represents in Russian and Belarusian {{IPA-all|je|}} in initial and postvocalic position or {{IPA-all|e|}} and [[palatalization (phonetics)|palatalizes]] the preceding [[konsonan]]. This letter closely resembles and should not be confused with the Cyrillic letter [[Ye Ukraina]] (Є є)

 

 

The letter {{angle bracket|{{Slavonic|э}}}} originated in the thirteenth century as a variant of {{angle bracket|{{Slavonic|[[є]]}}}}, at first, according to Đorđić<ref>Петар Ђорђић, ''Историја српске ћирилице'', Београд, 2-a изд., 1987, p.87</ref> in superscripted line-final position, but by the end of the century elsewhere as well.<ref>Cf ''Банишко евангелие: среднобългарски паметник от XIII век'', подгот. за печат с увод и коментар Е. Дограмаджиева и Б. Райков, София, 1981, pp.13, 341</ref> In the following centuries it continued to appear sporadically as an uncommon variant of {{angle bracket|є}}, but not later than in the fifteenth century amongst the Eastern Slavs it began to be used to indicate initial (un[[iotated]]) {{IPA-all|e|}}. According to [[Yefim Karskiy]], "Western Russian [[uncial script|ustav]] knows {{angle bracket|{{Slavonic|э}}}}, e.g. in Miscellany of the 15th c. from the Public Library (manuscr. #391) ({{Slavonic|экъсеквїє}} etc.), chronicles of 15th-16th cc., Miscellany of [[Poznań]] (16th c.),<ref>Published in the vol. 17 of the [[Complete Collection of Russian Chronicles]].</ref> [[Statutes of Lithuania|Statut of 1588]]... It is difficult to say whether it has been developed here independently or it came from South Slavic manuscripts, where {{angle bracket|{{Slavonic|э}}}} occurs as early as in 13-14th cc."<ref>"Западнорусский устав знает ''э'', напр. в Сб. XV в. Публ. б. № 391 ({{Slavonic|экъсеквїє}} и др.), летописях XV—XVI вв., Позн. Сб. XVI в., Статуте 1588... Трудно сказать, развилось ли оно здесь самостоятельно или же зашло из югославянских рукописей, где ''э'' встречается уже в XIII—XIV вв." (Е. Ф. Карский, ''Белорусы: Язык белорусского народа'', вып. 1, М., 1955, р. 69). See also pp. 165-166 for more details and examples.</ref> Although the revision of [[Meletius Smotrytsky]]’s grammar published in Moscow in 1648 does not include {{angle bracket|{{Slavonic|э}}}} in its alphabet, it does consistently write {{Slavonic|Этѷмолѻ́гїа}} (''Etymologia''), in contrast to {{Slavonic|Єтѷмоло́ґїѧ}} in the first edition of 1619. It was by no means confined to this function in the period, however, as the prevalent spellings {{Slavonic|реэстръ, маэоръ}} (beside {{Slavonic|маиоръ, маіоръ}}) for modern Russian {{lang|ru|реестр}}, {{lang|ru|майор}} demonstrate.

 

[[File:Russian alphabet (marks by Peter I), page 4.gif|thumb|right|Specimens of the [[civil script]] with annotations by Peter I.]]

In the specimens of the [[civil script]] presented to [[Peter I of Russia|Peter I]] in 1708, forms of {{angle bracket|э}} were included among forms of {{angle bracket|{{Slavonic|є}}}}, but the latter was deleted by Peter. The former was used in some early 18th-century Russian texts, but some authorities of the period considered it superfluous, like [[Mikhail Lomonosov]], on the grounds that "the letter Е, having several different pronunciations, could serve in the pronoun {{lang|ru|етотъ}} and the interjection {{lang|ru|ей}}"<ref>''Россійская Грамматика'' Михайла Ломоносова, печатана в Санктпетербургѣ, при Императорской Академїи Наук, 1755 года, p.43</ref> and that it was inappropriate to introduce letters solely for use in loanwords. However, the inclusion of {{angle bracket|Э}} in its modern function, in the Russian Academy's Dictionary of 1789–94, marks the point from which it can be considered as an established part of the Russian orthographical standard.

The letter {{angle bracket|э}} is also used in Russian to render initial {{IPA-all|œ|}} in foreign words: thus {{lang|fr|Eure}} (the river in [[France]]) is written {{lang|ru|Эр}}. After consonants this is transcribed as {{angle bracket|[[ё]]}}. In the 19th century, some writers used {{angle bracket|ӭ}} for that sound in both positions,<ref>Я. К. Грот, ''Русское правописание,'' 19-ое изд., Санктпетербург, 1910, p.78</ref> but that was never accepted as standard orthography. (The letter {{angle bracket|[[ӭ]]}} was re-invented in the 20th century for [[Kildin Sami]].) It is also used to represent a stressed {{IPA-all|æ|}} in languages such as English, which can cause a problem of conflating {{IPA-all|æ|}} with English {{IPA-all|ɛ|}} (for example, "Addison" and "Edison" would be spelled the same). However, in other positions, Russian also uses {{angle bracket|а}} for {{IPA-all|æ|}} and {{angle bracket|е}} for {{IPA-all|ɛ|}}.

 

Unlike Russian, Belarusian has many native words in which it occurs after a hard consonant. Moreover, its orthography [[Belarusian orthography reform of 1933|was standardized]] later than that of Russian (which reached its present form at the beginning of the 20th century), on the basis of the spoken language rather than historical tradition. Consequently, {{angle bracket|э}} and {{angle bracket|е}} are written in accordance with pronunciation: {{angle bracket|э}} for initial {{IPA-all|e|}} and after hard consonants, {{angle bracket|е}} for initial and postvocalic {{IPA-all|je|}} and after soft consonants. That also means that {{angle bracket|э}} is much more frequent in Belarusian than in Russian.

 

In [[Tuvan language|Tuvan]] the Cyrillic letter can be written as a [[double vowel]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.omniglot.com/writing/tuvan.php|title=Tuvan language, alphabet and pronunciation|work=omniglot.com|access-date=14 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jWwqAAAAQBAJ|title=Compendium of the World's Languages|first1=George L.|last1=Campbell|first2=Gareth|last2=King|date=24 July 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781136258459|access-date=14 June 2016|via=Google Books}}</ref>

 

 

In [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]], э is the standard letter to represent the /ɛ/ phoneme. It is often written doubled to represent the /eː/ phoneme. Е, however, is only used in the few Mongolian words containing it, Russian loanwords and Russian-style transcriptions of foreign names.

 

==Huruf terkait==

* Є є : [[Ye Ukraina|Huruf Kiril Ye Ukraina]]

* E e : [[E|Huruf Latin E]]