Teori konspirasi: Perbedaan antara revisi

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*{{cite journal|last1=Brotherton|first1=Robert|last2=French|first2=Christopher C.|title=Belief in Conspiracy Theories and Susceptibility to the Conjunction Fallacy|journal=Applied Cognitive Psychology|volume=28|issue=2|year=2014|pages=238–248|issn=0888-4080|doi=10.1002/acp.2995| quote=A conspiracy theory can be defined as an unverified and relatively implausible allegation of conspiracy, claiming that significant events are the result of a secret plot carried out by a preternaturally sinister and powerful group of people.|doi-access=free}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Jonason |first1=Peter Karl |last2=March |first2=Evita |last3=Springer |first3=Jordan |title=Belief in conspiracy theories: The predictive role of schizotypy, Machiavellianism, and primary psychopathy |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=14 |issue=12 |year=2019 |pages=e0225964 |issn=1932-6203 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0225964 |pmid=31794581 |pmc=6890261 |bibcode=2019PLoSO..1425964M |quote=Conspiracy theories are a subset of false beliefs, and generally implicate a malevolent force (e.g., a government body or secret society) involved in orchestrating major events or providing misinformation regarding the details of events to an unwitting public, in part of a plot towards achieving a sinister goal.|doi-access=free }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Thresher-Andrews |first1=Christopher |title=An introduction into the world of conspiracy |journal=PsyPAG Quarterly |volume=88 |year=2013 |pages=5–8 |url=http://www.psypag.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Issue-88.pdf |quote=Conspiracy theories are unsubstantiated, less plausible alternatives to the mainstream explanation of the event; they assume everything is intended, with malignity. Crucially, they are also epistemically self-insulating in their construction and arguments.}}</ref> Istilah ini memiliki konotasi negatif, menyiratkan bahwa banding ke konspirasi didasarkan pada prasangka atau bukti yang tidak cukup.<ref name=Byford>{{Cite book |title=Conspiracy theories : a critical introduction |last=Byford |first=Jovan |date=2011 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=9780230349216 |location=Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire |oclc=802867724}}</ref> Teori konspirasi tidak sama dengan konspirasi; sebaliknya, ini mengacu pada konspirasi yang dihipotesiskan dengan karakteristik tertentu, seperti oposisi terhadap konsensus arus utama di antara orang-orang (seperti [[ilmuwan]] atau [[sejarawan]]) yang memenuhi syarat untuk mengevaluasi keakuratannya.<ref name="Andrade2020">{{cite journal |last=Andrade |first=Gabriel |date=April 2020 |title=Medical conspiracy theories: Cognitive science and implications for ethics |url=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11019-020-09951-6.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy |publisher=Springer on behalf of the European Society for Philosophy of Medicine and Healthcare |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=505–518 |doi=10.1007/s11019-020-09951-6 |doi-access=free |issn=1572-8633 |pmc=7161434 |pmid=32301040 |s2cid=215787658 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200508193924/https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11019-020-09951-6.pdf |archive-date=8 May 2020 |access-date=7 October 2021}}</ref>
 
Teori konspirasi menolak pemalsuan dan diperkuat oleh penalaran melingkar: baik bukti yang menentang konspirasi dan tidak adanya bukti untuk itu ditafsirkan kembali sebagai bukti kebenarannya,<ref name="Byford" /><ref name="Keeley1999">{{Cite journal |last=Keeley |first=Brian L. |date=March 1999 |title=Of Conspiracy Theories |journal=The Journal of Philosophy |volume=96 |issue=3 |pages=109–126 |doi=10.2307/2564659|jstor=2564659 }}</ref> dimana konspirasi menjadi masalah iman daripada sesuatu yang dapat dibuktikan atau disangkal.<ref name="Barkun2003">{{cite book|last1=Barkun|first1=Michael|author-link1=Michael Barkun|title=A Culture of Conspiracy: Apocalyptic Visions in Contemporary America|date=2003|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|pages=[https://archive.org/details/cultureconspirac00bark_286/page/n15 3]–4|title-link=A Culture of Conspiracy}}</ref><ref name="Barkun2011">{{cite book|last1=Barkun|first1=Michael|author-link1=Michael Barkun|title=Chasing Phantoms: Reality, Imagination, and Homeland Security Since 9/11|url=https://archive.org/details/chasingphantomsr11bark|date=2011|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|location=Chapel Hill|page=[https://archive.org/details/chasingphantomsr11bark/page/n30 10]}}</ref> Studi telah menghubungkan kepercayaan pada teori konspirasi dengan ketidakpercayaan pada otoritas dan sinisme politik.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Swami |first=Viren |date=2012-08-06 |title=Social Psychological Origins of Conspiracy Theories: The Case of the Jewish Conspiracy Theory in Malaysia |journal=Frontiers in Psychology |location=London, UK |volume=3 |pages=280 |doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00280 |issn=1664-1078 |pmc=3412387 |pmid=22888323|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Radnitz |first=Scott |title=Citizen Cynics: How People Talk and Think about Conspiracy |date=2021 |url=https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/oso/9780197573532.001.0001/oso-9780197573532-chapter-9 |publication-place=University of Washington |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/oso/9780197573532.003.0009 |isbn=978-0-19-757353-2 |access-date=2022-05-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Jolley |first1=Daniel |last2=Douglas |first2=Karen M. |date=2014-02-20 |title=The Effects of Anti-Vaccine Conspiracy Theories on Vaccination Intentions |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |publication-place=University of Kent |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=e89177 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0089177 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=3930676 |pmid=24586574|bibcode=2014PLoSO...989177J |doi-access=free }}</ref> Beberapa peneliti menyarankan bahwa '''ide konspirasi'''—kepercayaan pada teori konspirasi—mungkin berbahaya secara psikologis atau patologis,<ref name="Freeman 595–604">{{Cite journal|last1=Freeman|first1=Daniel|last2=Bentall|first2=Richard P.|date=29 March 2017|title=The concomitants of conspiracy concerns|journal=Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology|language=en|volume=52|issue=5|pages=595–604|doi=10.1007/s00127-017-1354-4|issn=0933-7954|pmc=5423964|pmid=28352955}}</ref><ref name="Barron 156–159">{{Cite journal|last1=Barron|first1=David|last2=Morgan|first2=Kevin|last3=Towell|first3=Tony|last4=Altemeyer|first4=Boris|last5=Swami|first5=Viren|date=November 2014|title=Associations between schizotypy and belief in conspiracist ideation|journal=Personality and Individual Differences|language=en|volume=70|pages=156–159|doi=10.1016/j.paid.2014.06.040|url=http://westminsterresearch.wmin.ac.uk/14570/1/1-s2.0-S0191886914003821-main.pdf}}</ref> dan itu berkorelasi dengan pemikiran analitis yang lebih rendah, kecerdasan rendah, proyeksi psikologis, paranoia, dan Machiavellianisme.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Douglas|first1=Karen M.|last2=Sutton|first2=Robbie M.|date=12 April 2011|title=Does it take one to know one? Endorsement of conspiracy theories is influenced by personal willingness to conspire|url=http://kar.kent.ac.uk/26187/1/Douglas%20%26%20Sutton%202011%20BJSP.pdf|journal=British Journal of Social Psychology|volume=10|issue=3|pages=544–552|doi=10.1111/j.2044-8309.2010.02018.x|pmid=21486312|access-date=28 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181103180834/https://kar.kent.ac.uk/26187/1/Douglas%20%26%20Sutton%202011%20BJSP.pdf|archive-date=3 November 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Psikolog biasanya mengaitkan kepercayaan pada teori konspirasi dan menemukan konspirasi di mana tidak ada sejumlah kondisi psikopatologis seperti paranoid, skizotip, narsisisme, dan keterikatan yang tidak aman,<ref name="Andrade2020"/> atau ke bentuk bias kognitif yang disebut "persepsi pola ilusi".<ref>{{cite web |title=Conspiracy Theorists Really Do See The World Differently, New Study Shows |url=https://www.sciencealert.com/conspiracy-theory-beliefs-illusory-pattern-perception-cognitive-science |first=Signe |last=Dean |publisher=Science Alert |date=23 October 2017 |access-date=17 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Conspiracy Theorists Have a Fundamental Cognitive Problem, Say Scientists |url=https://www.inverse.com/article/37463-conspiracy-beliefs-illusory-pattern-perception |first=Sarah |last=Sloat |publisher=Inverse |date=17 October 2017 |access-date=17 June 2020}}</ref> Namun, konsensus ilmiah saat ini menyatakan bahwa sebagian besar ahli teori konspirasi tidak patologis, justru karena keyakinan mereka pada akhirnya bergantung pada kecenderungan kognitif yang tertanam secara neurologis pada spesies manusia dan mungkin memiliki asal-usul evolusioner yang mendalam, termasuk kecenderungan alami terhadap kecemasan dan deteksi agensi.<ref name="Andrade2020"/>