Gunung es A-38: Perbedaan antara revisi
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== Runtuhan es ==
[[Berkas:Iceberg A-38.jpg|thumb|Iceberg A-38 dan Pulau Berkner pada 13 Oktober]]
Gunung es A-38 [[runtuhan es|runtuh]] dari [[Paparan es Filchner-Ronne]], [[Antarktika]], pada Oktober 1998 dari posisi dekat [[Pulau Berkner]]. Proses runtuhan ini disebabkan karena tekanan yang dibebankan pada paparan es oleh [[Tonjolan es Hemmen]]. Runtuhan itu terjadi selama beberapa dasawarsa lewat ceruk dalam paparan es yang diisi dengan es laut, salju, dan gunung es kecil, yang bertambah besar secara bertahap. Dua dari ceruk itu, yaitu ceruk tegak lurus dengan bagian depan paparan es dan ceruk yang sejajar dengannya, bertemu dan mengarah kepada pembentukan A-38. Semasa keruntuhan menjadi A-38, gunung es ini berukuran 150 kilometer kali 50 kilometer. Gunung es ini pertama kali diakui pada 13 Oktober 1998 oleh ilmuwan Pusat Es Nasional Amerika Serikat Mary Keller dari citra yang disediakan lewat [[Defense Meteorological Satellite Program]], meskipun Glenn Grant dan Jeff Otten dari [[Stasiun Palmer]] [[Program Antarktika Amerika Serikat]] mengklaim telah melihat gunung es pada hari yang sama.<ref name=sun/><ref name=sun>{{cite web |last1=Colhoun |first1=Alexander |url=https://antarcticsun.usap.gov/pastIssues/1998-1999/1998_11_08.pdf |website=Antarctic Sun |title=Giant Berg Breaks Free, Sends Station Afloat |publisher=United States Antarctic Program at McMurdo Station, Antarctica |date=8 November 1998 |page=5 |access-date=2020-12-25 |archive-date=2023-06-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230618074054/https://antarcticsun.usap.gov/pastIssues/1998-1999/1998_11_08.pdf |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref name=frisp>{{cite journal |last1=Jansen |first1=Daniela |last2=Sandhäger |first2=Henner |last3=Rack |first3=Wolfgang |title=Evolution of tabular iceberg A-38B, observation and simulation |journal=Forum for Research into Ice Shelf Processes |date=2005 |url=https://folk.uib.no/ngfls/frisp/Rep16/jansenetal.pdf |access-date=2020-12-25 |archive-date=2020-11-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110154836/https://folk.uib.no/ngfls/frisp/Rep16/jansenetal.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref name=wp/>
Dengan ukuran 7.100 km<sup>2</sup>, A-38 adalah gunung es terbesar yang diamati dalam satu dasawarsa, melampaui rekor sebelumnya oleh B-9 observed in October 1987.<ref name=wp>{{cite news |last1=Suplee |first1=Curt |title=Iceberg Bigger Than Delaware Breaks Off Antarctica |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1998/10/16/iceberg-bigger-than-delaware-breaks-off-antarctica/ |accessdate=4 November 2020 |work=Washington Post |date=16 October 1998
== Pemisahan dan pergerakan ke utara ==
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Both portions drifted in the [[Weddell Gyre]] westwards towards the [[Antarctic Peninsula]] before moving north. The speed of the icebergs varied according to the quantity and thickness of surrounding sea ice, moving much slower in winter than in summer. The icebergs reached the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula in February 2003 and continued to progress northwards away from the continent. Their progress was tracked by the [[Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer]] satellite. Although both icebergs calved at their edges, their overall shape was largely unaffected.<ref name=frisp/>
By March 2003 the iceberg had split into four pieces and were reported at the following locations:<ref>{{cite book |title=Notice to Mariners |date=5 April 2003 |publisher=Defense Mapping Agency Hydrographic/Topographic Center |page=III-1.10 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PuQXAAAAYAAJ |language=en |access-date=2020-12-31 |archive-date=2023-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810223916/https://books.google.com/books?id=PuQXAAAAYAAJ |dead-url=no }}</ref>
*A-38A at {{coord|61|42|S|52|24|W|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}} measuring {{convert|22|mi|km}} by {{convert|48|mi|km}}
*A-38B at {{coord|63|00|S|51|54|W|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}} measuring {{convert|22|mi|km}} by {{convert|25|mi|km}}
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A-38A and A-38B increased speed during their drift in open sea and both icebergs approached [[South Georgia Island]], some {{convert|1500|nmi|km}} north of their initial position, in December 2003.<ref name=frisp/><ref name="IOTD" /> Both icebergs grounded in shallow seas some distance to the east of the island. On 15 March 2004, A-38A broke into three pieces and began to drift northwards once more. After a few weeks their progress could no longer be monitored by medium-resolution satellite imagery.<ref name=frisp/> In January 2004, another fragment of A-38, A-38D, which was covered in meltwater ponds, had drifted past South Georgia.<ref name=visible/>
A-38B remained grounded {{convert|100|km|mi}} off South Georgia and on 12 April 2004 was measured at {{convert|25|nmi|km}} in length. It had broken into two portions, almost equal in size, by 15 April 2004.<ref name=frisp/><ref name="IOTD" /> The western portion remained known as A-38B while the eastern portion was named A-38G.<ref name=visible>{{cite web |title=Iceberg A38-B off South Georgia |url=https://visibleearth.nasa.gov/images/70813/iceberg-a38-b-off-south-georgia |website=Visible Earth |publisher=NASA |accessdate=4 November 2020 |language=en |date=20 April 2004 |archive-date=2022-11-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127032140/https://visibleearth.nasa.gov/images/70813/iceberg-a38-b-off-south-georgia |dead-url=no }}</ref> From 17 to 18 April, A-38G drifted north and then west, decaying below satellite imagery detection capability within a few weeks.<ref name=frisp/><ref name="IOTD" /> Iceberg A-38B remained grounded for some months, affecting the foraging routes of adult seals and penguins, resulting in the death of young penguins and seals on the beaches of South Georgia.<ref name="BBC">{{cite web|title=A68 iceberg on collision path with South Georgia|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-54798031|accessdate=3 November 2020|author=BBC|author-link=BBC|date=3 November 2020|archive-date=2023-06-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609142041/https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-54798031|dead-url=no}}</ref> A-38B broke into two along an existing crackline on 20 August 2004. The new iceberg fragment drifted northwards and broke up.<ref>{{cite web |title=Fracture Appearing in Iceberg A-38B Off South Georgia |url=https://www.earth.com/image/fracture-appearing-in-iceberg-a-38b-off-south-georgia/ |website=Earth.com |accessdate=4 November 2020 |language=en |archive-date=2023-06-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608061643/https://www.earth.com/image/fracture-appearing-in-iceberg-a-38b-off-south-georgia/ |dead-url=no }}</ref> A-38B continued to break up through August and September 2004 and had disappeared by 2005.<ref name=frisp/>
== Documentation ==
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