Iran Qajar: Perbedaan antara revisi
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
k Ivan Humphrey memindahkan halaman Qajar Iran ke Iran Qajar |
Tidak ada ringkasan suntingan |
||
Baris 1:
{{See also|Dinasti Qajar}}
{{Infobox Former Country
| native_name = دولت علیّه ایران<br>''Dowlat-e Elliye-ye Irân''
| conventional_long_name
| continent = Asia
| region = Middle East
| country = Persia
| common_name = Persia
| status =
| year_start = 1785
| year_end = 1925
| date_start =
| date_end =
| event_start = Naik ke kekuasaan
| event_end = [[Dinasti Pahlavi]] mengambil kekuasaan
| event1 = [[Traktat Gulistan|Perjanjian Gulistan]]
| date_event1 = 1813
| event2 = [[Perjanjian Turkmenchay]]
| date_event2 = 1828
| event3 = [[Sistem Konstitusional Iran (1907)|Revolusi konstitusional]]
| date_event3 = 1906
| p1 = Dinasti Zand
| flag_p1 = Zand Dynasty flag.svg
| p2 = Dinasti Afshariyah
| flag_p2 = Afsharid Imperial Standard (3 Stripes).svg
| p3 = Kekaisaran Durrani
| flag_p3 = Flag of Herat until 1842.svg
| s1 = Dinasti Pahlavi
| flag_s1
| s2 = Kekaisaran Rusia
| flag_s2 = Flag of Russia.svg
| s3 = Emirat Afganistan
| flag_s3 = Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281919%E2%80%931921%29.svg
| image_flag = Flag of Persia (1910).svg
| image_coat = Imperial Emblem of the Qajar Dynasty (Lion and Sun).svg
| image_map = Qajar dynasty (greatest extent).svg
| image_map_caption = Jangkauan maksimum Iran pada masa Mohammad Khan berkuasa
| national_anthem = (1873–1909)<br>''[[Royal Salute (anthem)|Salâm-e Shâh]]''<br/>''(Keselamatan bagi Shah)''{{center|[[Berkas:Salâm-e Shâh - recorded by Gramophone company in Istanbul 1910.ogg]]}}<br>(1909–1925)<br>''[[Salute of Sublime State of Persia|Salāmati-ye Dowlat-e Elliye-ye Irān]]''<br/>''(Keselamatan bagi Negara Agung Iran Persia)''{{center|[[Berkas:Salamati-ye Dowlat-e Elliye-ye Iran.ogg]]}}
| capital = [[Tehran]]
| common_languages = [[Bahasa Persia|Persia]] <br> [[Bahasa Turk|Turk]]
| government_type
| title_leader = [[Shah]], [[Mirza]]
| leader1 = [[Mohammad Khan Qajar]]
| year_leader1 = 1794–1797
| leader2 = [[Ahmad Shah Qajar]]
| year_leader2 = 1909–1925
| deputy1 = [[Mirza Nasrullah Khan]]
| deputy2 = [[Reza Shah|Reza Pahlavi]]
| year_deputy1 = 1906
| year_deputy2 = 1923–1925
| title_deputy = [[Perdana Menteri Iran|Perdana menteri]]
| currency = [[toman Iran|Toman]]
| image_map2 = Map Iran 1900-en.png
| image_map2_caption = Peta Iran pada masa Dinasti Qajar tahun 1900 }} '''Iran pada masa Dinasti Qajar''' (juga disebut '''Kekaisaran Qajar''', secara resmi bernama '''Negara Agung Iran''') mengacu kepada periode ketika negara Iran dikuasai oleh [[Dinasti Qajar]] yang merupakan sebuah Dinasti [[bangsa Turk|Turk]],<ref name="ghani1">Cyrus Ghani. ''Iran and the Rise of the Reza Shah: From Qajar Collapse to Pahlavi Power'', I. B. Tauris, 2000, {{ISBN|1-86064-629-8}}, hlm. 1</ref><ref name="William Bayne Fisher 1993, p. 344">William Bayne Fisher. ''Cambridge History of Iran'', Cambridge University Press, 1993, hlm. 344, {{ISBN|0-521-20094-6}}</ref><ref name="online edition">Dr [[Parviz Kambin]], ''A History of the Iranian Plateau: Rise and Fall of an Empire'', Universe, 2011, hlm. 36, [https://books.google.com/books?id=tZkSLozhXxAC&printsec=frontcover&hl=en#v=onepage&q online edition].</ref> tepatnya dari [[suku Qajar]], dari tahun 1789 hingga 1925.<ref name="autogenerated1">Abbas Amanat, ''The Pivot of the Universe: Nasir Al-Din Shah Qajar and the Iranian Monarchy, 1831–1896'', I. B. Tauris, hlm. 2–3; "In the 126 years between the fall of the Safavid state in 1722 and the accession of Nasir al-Din Shah, the Qajars evolved from a shepherd-warrior tribe with strongholds in northern Iran into a Persian dynasty."</ref><ref>Choueiri, Youssef M., ''A companion to the history of the Middle East'', (Blackwell Ltd., 2005), hlm. 231, 516.</ref> Keluarga Qajar menguasai Iran sepenuhnya pada tahun 1794 setelah menjatuhkan [[Shah]] terakhir dari [[Dinasti Zand]], [[Lotf 'Ali Khan]], dan memperluas wilayah Iran hingga ke [[Kaukasus]]. Pada tahun 1796, [[Mohammad Khan Qajar]] merebut [[Mashhad]] dengan mudah,<ref>{{cite book |title=Muslim World|last1=H. Scheel|last2=Jaschke|first2=Gerhard|last3=H. Braun|last4= Spuler|first4=Bertold|last5=T. Koszinowski|last6=Bagley|first6=Frank|year=1981|publisher=Brill Archive|isbn=978-90-04-06196-5 |pages=65, 370|access-date=28 September 2012|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VNgUAAAAIAAJ}}</ref> sehingga mengakhiri [[Dinasti Afshariyah]]. Ia secara resmi dimahkotai sebagai Shah setelah berhasil melancarkan [[Pertempuran Krtsanisi|ekspedisi hukuman ke Georgia]].<ref name="books.google.nl">[[Michael Axworthy]]. [https://books.google.nl/books?id=k9HyyYrPIGgC&pg=PT192&dq=agha+mohammad+khan+conquer+georgia&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=SghYVajbGbKQ7AbrloPADQ&ved=0CD0Q6AEwAzgU#v=onepage&q=agha%20mohammad%20khan%20conquer%20georgia&f=false ''Iran: Empire of the Mind: A History from Zoroaster to the Present Day''], Penguin UK, 6 November 2008. {{ISBN|0141903414}}</ref>
Pada abad ke-19, wilayah-wilayah Dinasti Qajar di Kaukasus direbut oleh [[Kekaisaran Rusia]], termasuk [[Georgia]], [[Dagestan]], [[Azerbaijan]], dan [[Armenia]].<ref name="Timothy C. Dowling pp 729">Timothy C. Dowling. [https://books.google.nl/books?id=KTq2BQAAQBAJ&pg=PA728&dq=russo+persian+war+1804-1813&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=QnOXVJXpCcz7UPevhPAK&ved=0CCcQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=russo%20persian%20war%201804-1813&f=false ''Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond''], hlm. 728-730 ABC-CLIO, 2 Desember 2014 {{ISBN|1598849484}}</ref> Walaupun begitu, Dinasti Qajar mampu mempertahankan kemerdekaannya dan mendefinisi ulang gagasan raja di Iran.{{sfn|Amanat|2017|p=177}}
== Asal ==
Penguasa Qajar adalah anggota klan Karagöz atau "Mata Hitam" dari suku Qajar bagian dari [[Oghuz Turk]] yang tinggal dari Armenia dan Azerbaijan. Orang Qajar mengisi sejumlah misi diplomatik dan jabatan gubernur pada abad 16-17 pada masa [[Dinasti Safawiyah|Dinasti Safawi]].
Dalam waktu 126 tahun antara runtuhnya dinasti Safawi dan kebangkitan [[Naser al-Din Shah Qajar]]. Qajar telah berevolusi dari suku gembala-pejuang di Iran utara menjadi dinasti Iran yang berpengaruh dalam monarki Perso-Islam di era modern.
== Penguasa ==
{{Main|Daftar penguasa monarki Iran}}
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="3" |Nama
!Masa Hidup
!Berkuasa
|-
! style="background:White;" |1
|[[Berkas:Mohammad_Khan_Qajar.jpg|105x105px]]
|[[Mohammad Khan Qajar]]
|1742–1797
|1794–1797
|-
! style="background:White;" |2
|[[Berkas:Mihr_'Ali_(Iranian,_active_ca._1800-1830)._Portrait_of_Fath_'Ali_Shah_Qajar,_1815.jpg|113x113px]]
|[[Fat′h-Ali Shah Qajar]]
|1772–1834
|1797–1834
|-
! style="background:White;" |3
|[[Berkas:Mohammadshah_(01).jpg|133x133px]]
|[[Mohammad Shah Qajar]]
|1808–1848
|1834–1848
|-
! style="background:White;" |4
|[[Berkas:Nāser_al-Dīn_Schah.jpg|129x129px]]
|[[Naser al-Din Shah Qajar]]
|1831–1896
|1848–1896
|-
! style="background:White;" |5
|[[Berkas:Mozaffar-ed-Din_Shah_Qajar_-_1.jpg|103x103px]]
|[[Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar]]
|1853–1907
|1896–1907
|-
! style="background:White;" |6
|[[Berkas:Mohammad_Ali_Shah.jpg|101x101px]]
|[[Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar]]
|1872–1925
|1907–1907
|-
! style="background:White;" |7
|[[Berkas:AhmadShahQajar2.jpg|114x114px]]
|[[Ahmad Shah Qajar]]
|1898–1930
|1909–1925
|}
== Referensi ==
| |||