|
| death_date = 22 Juni 1792 (1206 H) (berusia 88-89)
| death_place = [[Diriyah]], [[Negara Saudi Pertama]]
| denomination = [[Wahhabi]]Sunni|Ahlus Menentang AhlussunnahSunnah]]
| jurisprudence = [[WahhabismeHambali]]{{sfn|Brown|2009|page=245}}{{sfn|Esposito|2004|page=123}}{{sfn|Haykel|2013|pages=231-232}}<ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Laoust |first=H. |title=Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhāb |orig-year=1993 |year=2012 |editor1-last=Bearman |editor1-first=P. J. |editor1-link=Peri Bearman |editor2-last=Bianquis |editor2-first=Th. |editor2-link=Thierry Bianquis |editor3-last=Bosworth |editor3-first=C. E. |editor3-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |editor4-last=van Donzel |editor4-first=E. J. |editor4-link=Emeri Johannes van Donzel |editor5-last=Heinrichs |editor5-first=W. P. |editor5-link=Wolfhart Heinrichs |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]] |edition=2nd |location=[[Leiden]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_3033 |isbn=978-90-04-16121-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e916 |title=Ibn Abd al-Wahhab, Muhammad - Oxford Islamic Studies Online |date=2020 |website=www.oxfordislamicstudies.com |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |access-date=15 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715173529/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e916 |archive-date=15 July 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| creed = [[Ahlul Hadits]]{{sfn|Halverson|2010|page=48}}
| main_interests = [['Aqidah]] ([[Teologi Islam]])
| notable_ideas = [berbeda dengan [[Abdul Wahhab bin Rustam]] ]{{sfn|Brown|2009|page=245}}{{sfn|Esposito|2004|page=123}}{{sfn|Haykel|2013|pages=231-232}}{{sfn|Khatab|2011|pages=57-58, 62-63}}{{sfn|Silverstein|2010|pages=112-113}}{{sfn|Ágoston|Masters|2009|page=260}}<ref name="Armstrong 2014">{{cite magazine |last=Armstrong |first=Karen |author-link=Karen Armstrong |title=Wahhabism to ISIS: how Saudi Arabia exported the main source of global terrorism |magazine=[[New Statesman]] |location=[[London]] |date=27 November 2014 |url=http://www.newstatesman.com/world-affairs/2014/11/wahhabism-isis-how-saudi-arabia-exported-main-source-global-terrorism |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141127132619/http://www.newstatesman.com/world-affairs/2014/11/wahhabism-isis-how-saudi-arabia-exported-main-source-global-terrorism |archive-date=27 November 2014 |access-date=8 September 2020}}</ref><br/>[[Fundamentalisme Islam|Pemurnian]] [[Salafiyah|salafi]] {{sfn|Brown|2009|page=245}}{{sfn|Haykel|2013|pages=231-232}}<ref name="Armstrong 2014"/>{{sfn|Khatab|2011|pages=62-65}}{{sfn|Delong-Bas|2004|pages=56-65}}{{sfn|Van Bruinessen|2009|pages=125-157}}<br/>Penentangan terhadap [[Sufisme]]{{sfn|Brown|2009|page=245}}{{sfn|Haykel|2013|pages=231-232}}{{sfn|Ágoston|Masters|2009|page=260}}<ref name="Armstrong 2014"/>{{sfn|Khatab|2011|pages=62-65}}{{sfn|Delong-Bas|2004|pages=56-65}}{{sfn|Van Bruinessen|2009|pages=125-157}}
| notable_works = ''Kitāb al-Tawḥīd'' ({{lang-ar|كتاب التوحيد}}; "Buku Ketauhidan"){{sfn|Haykel|2013|pages=231-232}}{{sfn|Khatab|2011|pages=65-67}}{{sfn|Saeed|2013|pages=29–30}}
| influences = [[Ahmad bin Hanbal]]{{sfn|Brown|2009|page=245}}<br/>[[Ibnu Taimiyah]]{{sfn|Brown|2009|page=245}}{{sfn|Haykel|2013|pages=231-232}}{{sfn|Ágoston|Masters|2009|page=260}}<br/>[[Muhammad Hayyat bin Ibrahim as-Sindhi|Muhammad Hayyat as-Sindhi]]{{Citation needed|date=June 2020}}<br/>[[Ibnu Qayyim al-Jauziyyah]]{{sfn|Haykel|2013|pages=231-232}}<br/>
| influenced = [[Muhammad bin Saud]],<br/>[[Wangsa Saud]]<br/>[[Abdul Aziz bin Abdullah bin Baz]],<br/>[[Muhammad bin Shalih Al-Utsaimin]],<br/>[[Muhammad Nashiruddin al-Albani]],{{citation needed|date=October 2015}}<br/>[[Abdurrahman As-Sudais]],<br/>[[Saud asy-Syuraim]]
| children = {{Collapsible list|titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;|title=|Ali (pertama)|Hasan|Hussain|Ibrahim|Abdullah|Ali (kedua)|Fatimah|Abdul Aziz}}
| module =
}}
'''Muḥammad bin ʿAbdul Wahhāb at-Tamīmī''' ({{IPAc-en|w|ə|ˈ|h|ɑː|b}}; {{lang-ar|محمد بن عبد الوهاب التميمي}}; 1703 – 1792) adalah seorang [[Ulama]] wahabiIslam, pemimpin agama wahabi,{{sfn|Haykel|2013|pages=231–32}} pembaharu,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ibn Abd al-Wahhab, Muhammad (d. 1791 )|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e916|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160712051853/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e916|archive-date=12 July 2016|website=Oxford Islamic Studies Online}}</ref> aktivis,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mouline|first=Nabil|title=The Clerics of Islam: Religious Authority and Political Power in Saudi Arabia|url=https://archive.org/details/clericsofislamre0000moul|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2014|isbn=978-0-300-17890-6|location=London|page=[https://archive.org/details/clericsofislamre0000moul/page/62 62]|quote="He was not a great intellectual like Ibn Qudama, Ibn Taymiyya, or Ibn al-Qayyim but rather an activist.."}}</ref> dan penggerakteolog dari [[Najd]] di [[Semenanjung Arab|Arabia tengah]].<ref name="Crooke 20142">{{cite news|last=Crooke|first=Alastair|author-link=Alastair Crooke|date=30 March 2017|orig-year=First published 27 August 2014|title=You Can't Understand ISIS If You Don't Know the History of Wahhabism in Saudi Arabia|work=[[The Huffington Post]]|location=New York|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/alastair-crooke/isis-wahhabism-saudi-arabia_b_5717157.html|url-status=live|access-date=10 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140828141900/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/alastair-crooke/isis-wahhabism-saudi-arabia_b_5717157.html|archive-date=28 August 2014}}</ref><ref name="Hubbard 20162">{{cite news|last=Hubbard|first=Ben|date=10 July 2016|title=A Saudi Morals Enforcer Called for a More Liberal Islam. Then the Death Threats Began.|work=[[The New York Times]]|location=New York|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/11/world/middleeast/saudi-arabia-islam-wahhabism-religious-police.html|url-status=live|access-date=10 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161215141503/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/11/world/middleeast/saudi-arabia-islam-wahhabism-religious-police.html|archive-date=15 December 2016|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="Sells 20162">{{cite news|date=22 December 2016|title=Wahhabist Ideology: What It Is And Why It's A Problem|work=[[The Huffington Post]]|location=New York|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/wahhabist-ideology-what-it-is-and-why-its-a-problem_b_585991fce4b014e7c72ed86e?guccounter=1|url-status=live|access-date=30 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408032152/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/wahhabist-ideology-what-it-is-and-why-its-a-problem_b_585991fce4b014e7c72ed86e|archive-date=8 April 2020|author-last=Sells|author-first=Michael}}</ref> Murid-muridnya yang terkenal termasuk putranya Ḥusain, ʿAbdullāh, ʿAlī, dan Ibrāhīm, cucunya ʿAbdur-Raḥman bin Ḥasan, menantunya [[Abdulaziz bin Muhammad Al Saud|ʿAbdul-ʿAzīz bin Muḥammad bin Saʿūd]], Ḥamād ibn Nāṣir bin Muʿammar, dan Ḥusayn āl-Ghannām.
Label "Wahhabi" tidak diklaim oleh para pengikutnya danmelainkan dibanggakandigunakan oleh Rajapara Suudcendekiawan yangBarat mengakuiserta dirinya adalah wahabi, sebagai salah satu kultur seluruh Semenanjung Arab yang memberikan penamaan pada buku, pemikiran, aliran, kepercayaan, agama, karya dengan menisbahkan (menyandarkan) diri kepada nama ayah, kakek atau bapakpara angkatkritikusnya.{{sfn|Haykel|2013|pages=231–32}}{{sfn|Commins|2015|page=151}}{{sfn|Silverstein|2010|pages=112–13}}{{sfn|Bokhari|Senzai|2013|pages=82-3}} Lahir dari keluarga ahli [[fikih]],<ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Laoust |first=H. |title=Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhāb |orig-year=1993 |year=2012 |editor1-last=Bearman |editor1-first=P. J. |editor1-link=Peri Bearman |editor2-last=Bianquis |editor2-first=Th. |editor2-link=Thierry Bianquis |editor3-last=Bosworth |editor3-first=C. E. |editor3-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |editor4-last=van Donzel |editor4-first=E. J. |editor4-link=Emeri Johannes van Donzel |editor5-last=Heinrichs |editor5-first=W. P. |editor5-link=Wolfhart Heinrichs |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam#2nd edition, EI2|Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition]] |volume=11 |location=[[Leiden]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_3033 |isbn=978-9004161214}}</ref> Menurut pengikut setianya, pendidikan awal Muhammad Ibnu AbdʿAbd al -Wahhab terdiri dari mempelajari kurikulum [[fikih]] yang cukup standar menurut [[mazhab]] hukum Islam [[Hanbali]], yang merupakan mazhab yang paling umum di wilayah kelahirannya.<ref name="ReferenceB"/> DanDia pengikutnya mengklaim bahwa dia mengajakmem[[promosi]]kan kepatuhan ketat terhadap hukum Islam tradisional, menyatakan perlunya kembali langsung ke [[Quran]] dan [[Hadis]] daripada mengandalkan [[interpretasi]] abad pertengahan, dan bersikeras bahwa setiap Muslim{{snd}} pria dan wanita{{snd}} secara pribadi membaca dan mempelajari Quran.<ref>{{Cite Sementarabook|last=J. muridDelong-muridBas|first=Natana|title=Wahhabi HanbaliIslam:From danRevival madrasah-madrasahand bermazhabReform Hanbalito tidakGlobal pernahJihad|publisher=Oxford mengakuiUniversity Press|year=2004|isbn=0195169913|location=New York 10016|pages=29,30,117,28,37}}</ref> Dia menentang [[taqlid]] (pengikutan buta) dan tidakmenyerukan pernahpenggunaan menyaksikan[[ijtihad]] (penalaran hukum independen melalui penelitian kitab suci).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ibn Abd al-Wahhab, Muhammad bin(d. Abdul1791 )|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e916|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160712051853/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e916|archive-date=12 July 2016|website=Oxford Islamic Studies}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=J. Delong-Bas|first=Natana|title=Wahhabi Islam: From Revival and Reform to Global Jihad|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2004|isbn=0195169913|location=New York|pages=14, 21, 29}}</ref> Dia memiliki pelatihan dasar awal dalam [[tradisi]] [[Islam Suni|Muslim Suni]] klasik, Ibnu ʿAbdul Wahhab belajarsecara mazhabbertahap Hanbalimenjadi menentang banyak populer, namun diperebutkan, praktik keagamaan seperti [[Ziarah kubur|kunjungan]] ke dan [[Venerasi|pemujaan]] [[Wali|tempat suci dan makam orang-orang suci Muslim]],{{sfn|Esposito|2004|page=123}}<ref name="ReferenceB"/>{{sfn|Ágoston|Masters|2009|page=260}}<ref name="Crooke 2014">{{cite news |last=Crooke |first=Alastair |author-link=Alastair Crooke |orig-year=First published 27 August 2014 |date=30 March 2017 |title=You Can't Understand ISIS If You Don't Know the History of Wahhabism in Saudi Arabia |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/alastair-crooke/isis-wahhabism-saudi-arabia_b_5717157.html Al|location=New York |work=[[The Huffington Post]] |archive-Imamurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140828141900/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/alastair-crooke/isis-wahhabism-saudi-arabia_b_5717157.html |archive-date=28 August 2014 |url-status=live |access-date=10 September 2020}}</ref> yang menurutnya merupakan [[bid'ah]] atau bahkan [[syirik|penyembahan berhala]].<ref name="ReferenceB"/>{{sfn|Ágoston|Masters|2009|page=260}}<ref name="Armstrong 2014"/><ref name="Crooke 2014"/>{{sfn|Khatab|2011|pages=56–76}} Seruannya untuk reformasi sosial dalam masyarakat didasarkan pada doktrin kunci [[tauhid]] (keesaan Tuhan).{{sfn|Bokhari|Senzai|2013|pages=82-3}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ibn Abd al-Wahhab, Muhammad bin(d. Humaid1791 Al)|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e916|url-Hanbalistatus=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160712051853/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e916|archive-date=12 AnJuly 2016|website=Oxford Islamic Studies Online|quote="Plans for socioreligious reform in society were based on the key doctrine of tawhid (oneness of God)"}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=J. Delong-NajdiBass|first=Natana|title=Wahhabi berkataIslam: From Revival and Reform to Global Jihad|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2004|isbn=0195169913|location=New York|pages=13}}</ref>
“Abdul Wahhab bin Sulaiman At-Tamimi An-Najdi merupakan ayah dari orang yang membawa dakwah Wahhabiyah, yang percikan apinya telah tersebar di berbagai penjuru. Akan tetapi antara keduanya terdapat perbedaan. Padahal Muhammad (pendiri Wahhabi) tidak terang-terangan berdakwah kecuali setelah meninggalnya sang ayah. Sebagian ulama yang aku jumpai menginformasikan kepadaku, dari orang yang semasa dengan Syaikh Abdul Wahhab ini, bahwa beliau sangat murka kepada anaknya, karena ia tidak suka belajar ilmu fiqih seperti para pendahulu dan orang-orang di daerahnya. Sang ayah selalu berfirasat tidak baik tentang anaknya pada masa yang akan datang. Beliau selalu berkata kepada masyarakat, “Hati-hati, kalian akan menemukan keburukan dari Muhammad.” Sampai akhirnya takdir Allah benar-benar terjadi. Demikian pula putra beliau, Syaikh Sulaiman (kakak Muhammad bin Abdul Wahhab), juga menentang terhadap dakwahnya dan membantahnya dengan bantahan yang baik berdasarkan ayat-ayat al-Qur’an dan hadits-hadits Nabi shallallahu alaihi wa sallam. Syaikh Sulaiman menamakan bantahannya dengan judul Fashl al-Khithab fi al-Radd ‘ala Muhammad bin Abdul Wahhab. Allah telah menyelamatkan Syaikh Sulaiman dari keburukan dan tipu daya adiknya meskipun ia sering melakukan serangan besar yang mengerikan terhadap orang-orang yang jauh darinya. Karena setiap ada orang yang menentangnya, dan membantahnya, lalu ia tidak mampu membunuhnya secara terang-terangan, maka ia akan mengirim orang yang akan menculik dari tempat tidurnya atau di pasar pada malam hari karena pendapatnya yang mengkafirkan dan menghalalkan membunuh orang yang menyelisihinya.<ref>{{Cite book|last=J. Delong-Bas|first=Natana|title=Wahhabi Islam:From Revival and Reform to Global Jihad|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2004|isbn=0195169913|location=New York 10016|pages=29,30,117,28,37}}</ref> Dia menentang [[ijtihad]] (penalaran hukum independen melalui penelitian kitab suci) dan menyerukan penggunaan [[taqlid]] (mengikuti secara buta).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ibn Abd al-Wahhab, Muhammad (d. 1791 )|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e916|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160712051853/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e916|archive-date=12 July 2016|website=Oxford Islamic Studies}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=J. Delong-Bas|first=Natana|title=Wahhabi Islam: From Revival and Reform to Global Jihad|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2004|isbn=0195169913|location=New York|pages=14, 21, 29}}</ref> Walaupun dia mengaku-ngaku memiliki pelatihan dasar awal dalam [[tradisi]] [[Islam Suni|Muslim Suni]] klasik, namun pada kenyataannya Ibnu Abdul Wahhab secara bertahap menjadi menentang seluruh mazhab, bahkan menentang praktik keagamaan yang dilakukan Rasulullah dan sahabat dan kemudian dipraktekkan oleh seluruh mazhab seperti [[Ziarah kubur|kunjungan]] ke [[Wali|tempat suci dan makam orang-orang suci Muslim]],{{sfn|Esposito|2004|page=123}}<ref name="ReferenceB"/>{{sfn|Ágoston|Masters|2009|page=260}}<ref name="Crooke 2014">{{cite news |last=Crooke |first=Alastair |author-link=Alastair Crooke |orig-year=First published 27 August 2014 |date=30 March 2017 |title=You Can't Understand ISIS If You Don't Know the History of Wahhabism in Saudi Arabia |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/alastair-crooke/isis-wahhabism-saudi-arabia_b_5717157.html |location=New York |work=[[The Huffington Post]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140828141900/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/alastair-crooke/isis-wahhabism-saudi-arabia_b_5717157.html |archive-date=28 August 2014 |url-status=live |access-date=10 September 2020}}</ref> yang menurutnya merupakan [[bid'ah]] atau bahkan menuduh ziarah makam sebagai bentuk [[syirik|penyembahan berhala]] walau sesungguhnya yang dituduhkannya tidaklah benar.<ref name="ReferenceB"/>{{sfn|Ágoston|Masters|2009|page=260}}<ref name="Armstrong 2014"/><ref name="Crooke 2014"/>{{sfn|Khatab|2011|pages=56–76}} Seruannya untuk reformasi sosial dalam masyarakat didasarkan pada doktrin kunci [[tauhid]] (keesaan Tuhan) namun dengan teori ketauhidan yang justru mengingkari sifat dzat Tuhan.{{sfn|Bokhari|Senzai|2013|pages=82-3}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ibn Abd al-Wahhab, Muhammad (d. 1791 )|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e916|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160712051853/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e916|archive-date=12 July 2016|website=Oxford Islamic Studies Online|quote="Plans for socioreligious reform in society were based on the key doctrine of tawhid (oneness of God)"}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=J. Delong-Bass|first=Natana|title=Wahhabi Islam: From Revival and Reform to Global Jihad|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2004|isbn=0195169913|location=New York|pages=13}}</ref>
Meskipun ajarannya ditolak dan ditentang oleh banyak Ulama Muslim Sunni dan SyiahSuni terkemuka pada masa itu,{{sfn|Brown|2009|page=245}}<ref name="ReferenceB"/>{{sfn|Khatab|2011|pages=56–76}}<ref name="Traboulsi 2002">{{cite journal |last=Traboulsi |first=Samer |date=January 2002 |title=An Early Refutation of Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhāb's Reformist Views |editor-last=Brunner |editor-first=Rainer |journal=[[Die Welt des Islams]] |location=[[Leiden]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |volume=42 |issue=3: ''Arabic Literature and Islamic Scholarship in the 17th/18th Century: Topics and Biographies'' |pages=373–415 |doi=10.1163/15700600260435038 |eissn=1570-0607 |issn=0043-2539 |jstor=1571420}}</ref> termasuk ayah dan saudara lelakinya sendiri,{{sfn|Brown|2009|page=245}}<ref name="ReferenceB"/>{{sfn|Khatab|2011|pages=56–76}}<ref name="Traboulsi 2002"/>{{sfn|Gaye|2021|page=212}} Ibnu ʿAbdul Wahhab membuat perjanjian politik agama dengan [[Muhammad bin Saud]] untuk membantunya mendirikan [[Emirat Diriyah]], negara Saudi pertama,{{sfn|Esposito|2004|page=123}}<ref>[[#Hou92|Hourani 1992]]: 257–58</ref> dan memulai aliansi dinasti dengan menyerang Ustmaniyah, melakukan penghianatan-penghianatan dan pengaturan pembagian kekuasaan antara keluarga mereka dan barat (secara rahasia melalui perwakilan) yang berlanjut hingga hari ini di [[Arab Saudi|Kerajaan Arab Saudi]].{{sfn|Esposito|2004|page=123}}{{sfn|Haykel|2013|pages=231–32}}<ref name="meforum.org">{{cite journal|author=Nawaf E. Obaid|date=September 1999|title=The Power of Saudi Arabia's Islamic Leaders|journal=Middle East Quarterly|publisher=Middle East Forum|volume=6|issue=3|pages=51–58|url=http://www.meforum.org/482/the-power-of-saudi-arabias-islamic-leaders|access-date=8 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806023223/http://www.meforum.org/482/the-power-of-saudi-arabias-islamic-leaders |archive-date=6 August 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Al asy-Syekh, keluarga agama terkemuka Arab Saudi, adalah keturunan Ibnu ʿAbdul Wahhab,{{sfn|Haykel|2013|pages=231–32}}{{sfn|Bokhari|Senzai|2013|pages=82-3}}<ref name="meforum.org"/> dan secara historis memimpin [[ulama wahabi]] di negara Saudi,<ref name="meforum.org"/><ref name="Abir 1987: 4, 5, 7">[[#Abi87|Abir 1987]]: 4, 5, 7</ref> mendominasi lembaga ulama negara, dan melakukan penindasan terhadap ulama di luar ulama mereka.<ref name="meforum.org"/><ref name="Met92">[[#Met92|Metz 1992]]</ref>
== Genealogi ==
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