Sarawak: Perbedaan antara revisi
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Hutan hujan Sarawak memiliki salah satu konsentrasi tertinggi dari spesies per area unit di dunia. Negara bagian tersebut memiliki sekitar 185 spesies mamalia, 530 spesies burung, 166 spesies ular, 104 spesies kadal, dan 113 spesies amfibi. Negara bagian tersebut juga meliputi 19 persen mamalia, 6 persen burung, 20 persen ular dan 32 spesies kadal sebagai spesies [[endemisme|endemik]]. Spesies-spesies tersebut kebanyakan ditemukan di Kawasan yang Dilindungi Penuh. Terdapat 2,000 spesies pohon, 1,000 spesies mawar, 757 spesies tumbuhan paku dan 260 spesies palem.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sarawak National Park – Biodiversity Conservation|url=http://www.sarawakforestry.com/htm/snp-bc.html|publisher=Sarawak Forestry Department|accessdate=17 November 2015|archive-date=2015-11-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151128010731/http://www.sarawakforestry.com/htm/snp-bc.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Negara bagian tersebut juga merupakan habitat hewan-hewan terancam, yang meliputi [[gajah kalimantan]], [[bekantan]], [[orangutan]] dan [[badak]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/earthpicturegalleries/8296131/Rainforest-is-destroyed-for-palm-oil-plantations-on-Malaysias-island-state-of-Sarawak.html?image=5 |title=Rainforest is destroyed for palm oil plantations on Malaysia's island state of Sarawak (Image 1) |publisher=The Daily Telegraph |accessdate=21 August 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206085015/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/earthpicturegalleries/8296131/Rainforest-is-destroyed-for-palm-oil-plantations-on-Malaysias-island-state-of-Sarawak.html?image=5 |archivedate=6 February 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/earthpicturegalleries/8296131/Rainforest-is-destroyed-for-palm-oil-plantations-on-Malaysias-island-state-of-Sarawak.html?image=6 |title=Rainforest is destroyed for palm oil plantations on Malaysia's island state of Sarawak (Image 2) |publisher=The Daily Telegraph |accessdate=21 August 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110208012219/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/earthpicturegalleries/8296131/Rainforest-is-destroyed-for-palm-oil-plantations-on-Malaysias-island-state-of-Sarawak.html?image=6 |archivedate=8 February 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/earthpicturegalleries/8296131/Rainforest-is-destroyed-for-palm-oil-plantations-on-Malaysias-island-state-of-Sarawak.html?image=8 |title=Rainforest is destroyed for palm oil plantations on Malaysia's island state of Sarawak (Image 3) |publisher=The Daily Telegraph |accessdate=21 August 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110207212130/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/earthpicturegalleries/8296131/Rainforest-is-destroyed-for-palm-oil-plantations-on-Malaysias-island-state-of-Sarawak.html?image=8 |archivedate=7 February 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2013/05/05/sumatran-orangutans-rainforest-home-faces-new-threat/|title=Sumatran Orangutans' rainforest home faces new threat|work=[[Agence France-Presse]]|publisher=The Borneo Post|date=5 May 2013|accessdate=21 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{IUCN2008|assessor=Meijaard, E.|assessor2=Nijman, V.|assessor3=Supriatna, J.|last-assessor-amp=yes|year=2008|id=14352|title=Nasalis larvatus|downloaded=4 January 2009}}</ref> Pusat Kehidupan Liar Matang, Cagar Alam Semenggoh, dan [[Suaka Margasatwa Lanjak Entimau]]<ref>{{cite web|title=25 success stories|url=http://www.itto.int/direct/topics/topics_pdf_download/topics_id=2796&no=0&disp=inline|publisher=[[International Tropical Timber Organization]] (ITTO)|accessdate=16 November 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150613011444/http://www.itto.int/direct/topics/topics_pdf_download/topics_id%3D2796%26no%3D0%26disp%3Dinline|archivedate=2015-06-13|pages=44–45|dead-url=no}}</ref> dikenal karena program perlindungan orangutan mereka.<ref>{{cite web|title=Semenggoh Nature Reserve|url=http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/semenggoh-nature-reserve/|publisher=Sarawak Tourism Board|accessdate=16 November 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150508013152/http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/semenggoh-nature-reserve/|archivedate=8 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Matang Wildlife Centre|url=http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/matang-wildlife-centre/|publisher=Sarawak Tourism Board|accessdate=16 November 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150514234944/http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/matang-wildlife-centre/|archivedate=14 May 2015}}</ref> Taman Nasional Talang{{ndash}}Satang dikenal karena inisiatif konservasi penyu-nya.<ref>{{cite web|title=Talang-Satang National Park|url=http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/talang-satang-national-park/|publisher=Sarawak Tourism Board|accessdate=16 November 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151116071641/http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/talang-satang-national-park/|archivedate=16 November 2015}}</ref> [[Pengamatan burung]] adalah sebuah aktivitas umum di berbagai taman nasional seperti Taman Nasional Gunung Mulu, Taman Nasional Perbukitan Lambir,<ref>{{cite web|title=Birding in Sarawak|url=http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/birding-in-sarawak/|publisher=Sarawak Tourism Board|accessdate=16 November 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150516085037/http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/birding-in-sarawak/|archivedate=16 May 2015}}</ref> dan [[Taman Nasional Similajau]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Similajau National Park|url=http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/similajau-national-park/|publisher=Sarawak Toursim Board|accessdate=16 November 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150508014847/http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/similajau-national-park/|archivedate=8 May 2015}}</ref> Taman Nasional Miri{{ndash}}Sibuti dikenal karena terumbu karangnya<ref>{{cite web|title=Diving in Miri-Sibuti Coral Reefs National Park|url=http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/diving-in-miri-sibuti-coral-reef-national-park/|publisher=Sarawak Tourism Board|accessdate=16 November 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504000343/http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/diving-in-miri-sibuti-coral-reef-national-park/|archivedate=4 May 2015}}</ref> dan Taman Nasional Gunung Gading dikenal karena bunga-bunga ''[[Rafflesia]]''-nya.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gunung Gading National Park|url=http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/gunung-gading-national-park/|publisher=Sarawak Tourism Board|accessdate=16 November 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150516085552/http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/gunung-gading-national-park/|archivedate=16 May 2015}}</ref> [[Taman Nasional Bako]], taman nasional tertua di Sarawak, dikenal karena 275 spesies bekantan-nya,<ref>{{cite web|title=Bako National Park|url=http://www.sarawakforestry.com/htm/snp-np-bako.html|publisher=Sarawak Forestry Corporation|accessdate=26 December 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925040118/http://www.sarawakforestry.com/htm/snp-np-bako.html|archivedate=25 September 2015}}</ref> dan Taman Pemakan Serangga Padawan dikenal karena berbagai [[tumbuhan pemakan serangga]] karnivora-nya.<ref>{{cite web|title=Padawan Pitcher Plant & Wild Orchid Centre|url=http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/padawan-pitcher-plant-wild-orchid-garden/|publisher=Sarawak Tourism Board|accessdate=16 November 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150409045310/http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/padawan-pitcher-plant-wild-orchid-garden/|archivedate=9 April 2015}}</ref> Pada 1854, [[Alfred Russel Wallace]] mengunjungi Sarawak. Setahun kemudian, ia merumuskan "Hukum Sarawak" yang membentuk dasar teori [[seleksi alam]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Rogers|first1=Alan|title=Wallace and the Sarawak Law|url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2013/07/14/wallace-and-the-sarawak-law/|accessdate=15 November 2016|publisher=The Borneo Post|date=14 July 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115022532/http://www.theborneopost.com/2013/07/14/wallace-and-the-sarawak-law/|archivedate=15 November 2016}}</ref>
Pemerintah negara bagian Sarawak telah mengeluarkan beberapa hukum untuk melindungi hutan dan spesies liar terancam, yang merliputi Undang-Undang Kehutanan 1958,<ref>{{cite book|title=Forests Ordinance Chapter 126|edition=1958|date=31 July 1998|publisher=Sarawak Forestry Corporation|location=Kuching, Sarawak|url=http://www.sarawakforestry.com/pdf/laws/forests_ordinance_chapter_126.pdf|accessdate=16 November 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151116024436/http://www.sarawakforestry.com/pdf/laws/forests_ordinance_chapter_126.pdf|archivedate=16 November 2015}}</ref> Undang-Undang Perlindungan Kehidupan Liar 1998,<ref>{{cite book|title=Wild Life Protection Ordinance, 1998 – Chapter 26|date=1998|publisher=Sarawak Forestry Corporation|location=Kuching, Sarawak|url=http://www.sarawakforestry.com/pdf/laws/wildlife_protection_ordinance98_chap26.pdf|accessdate=16 November 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151116024720/http://www.sarawakforestry.com/pdf/laws/wildlife_protection_ordinance98_chap26.pdf|archivedate=16 November 2015}}</ref> dan Undang-Undang Suaka Margasatwa dan Cagar Alam Sarawak.<ref>{{cite web|title=Malaysia:Sarawak Natural Parks and Nature Reserve Ordinance|url=http://www.globinmed.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=104012:sarawak-natural-parks-and-nature-reserves-ordinance-1998-new&catid=259|publisher=GlobinMed|accessdate=16 November 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151116024950/http://www.globinmed.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=104012:sarawak-natural-parks-and-nature-reserves-ordinance-1998-new&catid=259|archivedate=16 November 2015}}</ref> Beberapa spesies yang dilindingi adalah [[orangutan]], [[penyu hijau]], [[kubung Sunda|kubung]], dan ''[[Bycanistes fistulator]]''. Di bawah Undang-Undang Perlindungan Kehidupan Liar 1998, penduduk asli Sarawak diberi ujun untuk berburu hewan-hewan liar di hutan namun tidak boleh memiliki daging seberat lebih dari {{convert|5|kg}}.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Lian|first1=Cheng|title=Protected wildlife on the menu|url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2013/03/31/protected-wildlife-on-the-menu/|accessdate=16 November 2015|publisher=The Borneo Post|date=31 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130401105507/http://www.theborneopost.com/2013/03/31/protected-wildlife-on-the-menu/|archivedate=1 April 2013|quote=Hunting wild animals for food is a culture of Sarawak natives. Though most of them have adapted to modern ways, there are some groups such as the Penans still relying on wild animals as the main source of protein. As such, it is permissible for them to possess the meat of animals listed under the "restricted" category. These are wildlife which are protected but breeding in large number such as the wild boars. However, the meat to be taken should not exceed five kgs [sic] under the Wild Life Protection Ordinance 1998 (Amendment 2003).}}</ref> Departemen Kehutanan Sarawak didirikan pada 1919 untuk melindungi sumber daya hutan di negara bagian tersebut.<ref>{{cite web|title=History|url=http://www.forestry.sarawak.gov.my/modules/web/pages.php?mod=webpage&sub=page&id=75&menu_id=0&sub_id=115|publisher=Official website of Forest Department Sarawak|accessdate=16 November 2015|quote=Mr. J.P. Mead became the first Conservator of Forests, Sarawak Forest Department, in 1919. The objectives of the Department were to manage and conserve the State's forest resources.|archive-date=2016-11-19|archive-url=https://archive.
==== Masalah konservasi ====
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== Infrastruktur ==
Tingkat pengembangan infrastruktur di Sarawak relatif rendah dibandingkan di [[Semenanjung Malaysia]].<ref>{{cite book|title=OECD Investment Policy Reviews OECD Investment Policy Reviews: Malaysia 2013|date=30 October 2013|publisher=[[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] (OECD) Publishing|isbn=978-92-64-19458-8|page=234|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9UPQAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA234&lpg=PA234|accessdate=17 December 2015|quote=All the same, there are important variations in the quantity and quality of infrastructure stocks, with infrastructure more developed in peninsular Malaysia than in Sabah and Sarawak.}}</ref> Kementerian Pengembangan Infrastruktur dan Komunikasi Sarawak bertanggung jawab untuk pengembangan infrastruktur dan telekomunikasi di Sarawak.<ref>{{cite web|title=About Us|url=http://www.midcom.sarawak.gov.my/modules/web/pages.php?mod=webpage&sub=page&id=41&menu_id=0&sub_id=60|publisher=MIDCom|accessdate=17 December 2015|archive-date=2015-12-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222140647/http://www.midcom.sarawak.gov.my/modules/web/pages.php?mod=webpage&sub=page&id=41&menu_id=0&sub_id=60|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Sarawak memiliki 21 estate industrial, dengan empat agensi utama yang bertanggung jawab untuk implementasi dan pengembangan mereka.<ref>{{cite web|title=Industrial Estate by Division|url=http://www.sarawak.gov.my/web/home/article_view/211/227/|publisher=Official Website of the Sarawak Government|accessdate=17 December 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704223851/http://www.sarawak.gov.my/web/home/article_view/211/227/|archivedate=4 July 2015 }}</ref> Pada 2009, 94 persen kawasan perkotaan disuplai dengan listrik; persentase kawasan pedesaan dengan listrik meningkat dari 67 persen pada 2009<ref>{{cite journal|last1=H.|first1=Borhanazad|last2=S.|first2=Mekhilef|last3=R|first3=Saidur|last4=G.|first4=Boroumandijazi|title=Potential application of renewable energy for rural electrification in Malaysia|journal=Renewable Energy|date=2013|volume=59|page=211|url=http://umexpert.um.edu.my/file/publication/00005361_97156.pdf|accessdate=23 November 2015|archive-date=2015-11-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123025730/http://umexpert.um.edu.my/file/publication/00005361_97156.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref> menjadi 91 persen pada 2014.<ref name="water and electricity">{{cite news|last1=Alexandra|first1=Lorna|last2=Doreen|first2=Ling|title=Infrastructure crucial to state's goals|url=http://www.newsarawaktribune.com/news/50465/Infrastructure-crucial-to-states-goals/|accessdate=16 December 2015|publisher=New Sarawak Tribune|date=9 October 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151216165506/http://www.newsarawaktribune.com/news/50465/Infrastructure-crucial-to-states-goals/|archivedate=16 December 2015|quote="In 2014, 82% of houses located in Sarawak rural areas have access to water supply in comparison to 59% in 2009." Fadillah also said that the rural electricity coverage had improved over the last few years with 91% of the households in Sarawak having access to electricity in 2014 compared to 67% in 2009.}}</ref> Dalam hal telekomunikasi, pada 2013 persebaran jalur telepon di Sarawak sebesar 25.7 persen, dan persentase orang yang menggunakan telepon peranti bergerak sebesar 93.3 persen. Penggunaan komputer sebesar 45.9 persen pada tahun yang sama; persentase orang yang menggunakan internet adalah 58.5 persen di kawasan perkotaan dan 29.9 persen di kawasan pedesaan.<ref>{{cite web|title=New technologies play a major role in Sarawak's development plans|url=http://www.oxfordbusinessgroup.com/overview/new-technologies-play-major-role-sarawak%E2%80%99s-development-plans|publisher=Oxford Business Group|accessdate=17 December 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151217003141/http://www.oxfordbusinessgroup.com/overview/new-technologies-play-major-role-sarawak%E2%80%99s-development-plans|archivedate=17 December 2015}}</ref> Sacofa{{nbsp}}Sdn{{nbsp}}Bhd (Sacofa Private Limited) yang dimiliki negara bertanggung jawab untuk membangun menara-menara telekomunikasi di Sarawak.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Mohd|first1=Hafiz Mahpar|title=Cahya Mata Sarawak buys 50% of Sacofa for RM186m|url=http://www.thestar.com.my/business/business-news/2015/04/02/cahya-mata-sarawak-buys-50pct-of-sacofa-for-rm186m/?style=biz|accessdate=17 December 2015|publisher=The Star (Malaysia)|date=2 April 2015}}</ref> Sarawak Information Systems Sdn{{nbsp}}Bhd (SAINS) bertanggung jawab untuk implementasi dan pengembangan teknologi informasi di Sarawak.<ref>{{cite web|title=About SAINS – Corporate Profile|url=http://www.sains.com.my/content.php?id=49|publisher=Sarawak Information Systems Sdn Bhd|accessdate=17 December 2015|archive-date=2016-11-19|archive-url=https://archive.
Kuching Water Board (KWB) dan Sibu Water Board (SWB) bertanggung jawab untuk manajemen suplai air di wilayah mereka masing-masing. LAKU Management Sdn{{nbsp}}Bhd milik negara mengurusi suplai air untuk Miri, Bintulu, dan Limbang.<ref name="Transport and Infrastructure">{{cite web|title=Transport and Infrastructure|url=http://www.sarawak.gov.my/web/home/article_view/160/177/|publisher=Official Website of the Sarawak Government|accessdate=17 December 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907183756/http://www.sarawak.gov.my/web/home/article_view/160/177/|archivedate=7 September 2015}}</ref> Departemen Suplai Air Pedesaan mengurusi suplai air untuk wilayah-wilayah sisanya.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Harun|first1=Jau|title=New department being set up|url=http://www.newsarawaktribune.com/news/48159/New-department-being-set-up/|accessdate=17 December 2015|publisher=New Sarawak Tribune|date=8 August 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151217041741/http://www.newsarawaktribune.com/news/48159/New-department-being-set-up/|archivedate=17 December 2015}}</ref> Pada 2014, 82 persen kawasan pedesaan memiliki suplai air tawar.<ref name="water and electricity" />
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