Guinea: Perbedaan antara revisi

Sebelumnya [[Guinea Prancis]], memperoleh kemerdekaan pada tahun 1958.<ref>[https://www.dw.com/en/west-africa-economic-bloc-suspends-guinea-after-military-coup/a-59127739 West Africa economic bloc suspends Guinea after military coup] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221030114911/https://www.dw.com/en/west-africa-economic-bloc-suspends-guinea-after-military-coup/a-59127739 |date=2022-10-30 }}, [[Deutsche Welle]] (September 8, 2021).</ref> Ia memiliki sejarah kudeta militer.<ref name=Bariyo>Nicholas Bariyo & Benoit Faucon, [https://www.wsj.com/articles/military-faction-stages-coup-in-mineral-rich-guinea-11630866469 Military Faction Stages Coup in Mineral-Rich Guinea] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906183513/https://www.wsj.com/articles/military-faction-stages-coup-in-mineral-rich-guinea-11630866469 |date=2021-09-06 }}, ''Wall Street Journal'' (September 5, 2021).</ref><ref name=Larson>Krista Larson, [https://apnews.com/article/africa-elections-senegal-west-africa-term-limits-4c595d69cbfd95d173b7ef1a6da0d5f8 EXPLAINER: Why is history repeating itself in Guinea's coup?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221030123555/https://apnews.com/article/africa-elections-senegal-west-africa-term-limits-4c595d69cbfd95d173b7ef1a6da0d5f8 |date=2022-10-30 }}, Associated Press (September 7, 2021).</ref><ref name=Paquett>Danielle Paquett, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2021/09/06/guinea-coup-explained/ Here's what we know about the unfolding coup in Guinea] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123073519/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2021/09/06/guinea-coup-explained/ |date=2023-01-23 }}, ''Washington Post'' (September 6, 2021).</ref> Setelah puluhan tahun pemerintahan otoriter, pada tahun 2010 diadakan [[Pemilihan umum di Guinea|pemilu demokratis]] pertamanya.<ref name=Paquett/><ref>Abdourahmane Diallo and Adam Nossiter, [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/08/world/africa/08guinea.html Guinea Votes in Its First Democratic Presidential Election] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205033140/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/08/world/africa/08guinea.html |date=2023-02-05 }}, ''New York Times'' (November 7, 2010).</ref><ref name=FH2010>[https://freedomhouse.org/country/guinea/freedom-world/2021 Guinea] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205033138/https://freedomhouse.org/country/guinea/freedom-world/2021 |date=2023-02-05 }}, ''Freedom in the World'', [[Freedom House]], 2021.</ref> Karena terus mengadakan pemilihan multi-partai, negara terus menghadapi konflik etnis, korupsi, dan pelanggaran oleh militer dan polisi.<ref name=FH2010/><ref>Saliou Samb, [https://www.reuters.com/article/guinea-politics/guinea-president-conde-vows-to-tackle-corruption-during-third-term-idUSKBN28P27F Guinea President Conde vows to tackle corruption during third term] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205033138/https://www.reuters.com/article/guinea-politics/guinea-president-conde-vows-to-tackle-corruption-during-third-term-idUSKBN28P27F |date=2023-02-05 }}, Reuters (December 15, 2020).</ref> Pada tahun 2011, pemerintah [[Amerika Serikat]] mengklaim bahwa penyiksaan oleh aparat keamanan dan pelecehan terhadap perempuan dan anak-anak (termasuk [[Pemotongan kelamin perempuan|pemotongan alat kelamin perempuan]]) adalah masalah hak asasi manusia yang sedang berlangsung.<ref name='State 2011'>{{cite web | url = https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?dlid=186203 | title = Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2011: Guinea | access-date = 27 August 2012 | author = Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor | year = 2012 | publisher = [[United States Department of State]] | df = dmy-all | author-link = Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor | archive-date = 2020-04-16 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200416024745/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?dlid=186203 | dead-url = no }}</ref> Pada tahun 2021, sebuah [[Kudeta Guinea 2021|faksi militer menggulingkan presiden Alpha Condé]] dan menangguhkan konstitusi.<ref name=Bariyo/><ref name=Larson/><ref name=Paquett/>

Menurut pernyataan [[Departemen Luar Negeri Amerika Serikat|Departemen Luar Negeri AS]] pada Februari 2009, hubungan luar negeri Guinea, termasuk dengan tetangganya di [[Afrika Barat]], terus meningkat sejak 1985.<ref>[https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2824.htm Background Note: Guinea] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170121153142/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2824.htm |date=2017-01-21 }}, US Department of State, February 2009</ref> Pernyataan Departemen Oktober 2018 mengindikasikan bahwa—meskipun "AS mengutuk" [[Kudeta Guinea 2008|kudeta militer Guinea tahun 2008]],"—AS memiliki "hubungan dekat" dengan Guinea sebelum kudeta, dan setelah "pemilihan presiden Guinea tahun 2010, Amerika Serikat membangun kembali hubungan diplomatik yang kuat dengan pemerintah". Pernyataan tersebut menunjukkan dukungan untuk "pemilihan legislatif pada 2013 dan pemilihan presiden kedua pada 2015," sebagai tanda "reformasi demokrasi".<ref name="us_relations_2018_10_30_state_gov">[https://www.state.gov/u-s-relations-with-guinea/ "U.S. Relations With Guinea,"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223205406/https://www.state.gov/u-s-relations-with-guinea/ |date=2022-02-23 }} October 30, 2018, [[United States Department of State]], retrieved September 6, 2021</ref>

[[Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa]] mengecam kudeta 2021, dan beberapa sekutu Guinea mengutuk kudeta tersebut. Uni Afrika dan blok regional Afrika Barat ([[Masyarakat Ekonomi Negara-Negara Afrika Barat|ECOWAS]]), keduanya mengancam sanksi—sementara beberapa analis memperkirakan ancaman tersebut memiliki efek terbatas karena Guinea bukan anggota serikat mata uang Afrika Barat, dan bukan negara yang terkurung daratan.<ref name="guinea_coup_leader_2021_09_06_reuters">[https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/uneasy-calm-guinea-after-president-condes-apparent-ouster-2021-09-06/ "Guinea coup leader bars foreign travel for government officials,"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906124021/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/uneasy-calm-guinea-after-president-condes-apparent-ouster-2021-09-06/ |date=2021-09-06 }} [[Reuters News Service]], retrieved September 6, 2021</ref> ECOWAS segera menangguhkan keanggotaan Guinea, dan menuntut pembebasan tanpa syarat dari Presiden Condé, sambil mengirim utusan ke [[Conakry]] untuk mengupayakan resolusi "konstitusional" atas situasi tersebut.<ref name="leaders_due_in_guinea_2021_09_09_reuters">[https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/west-african-leaders-due-guinea-post-coup-calm-pervades-conakry-2021-09-09/ West African leaders due in Guinea as post-coup calm pervades Conakry,"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205073355/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/west-african-leaders-due-guinea-post-coup-calm-pervades-conakry-2021-09-09/ |date=2023-02-05 }} September 9, 2021, [[Reuters News Service]], retrieved September 9, 2021</ref><ref name="leaders_suspend_guinea_2021_09_08_bbc">[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58487925 "West African leaders suspend Guinea from Ecowas following coup,"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908125315/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58487925 |date=2021-09-08 }} September 9, 2021, [[BBC News]], retrieved September 9, 2021</ref> Tidak seperti biasanya menanggapi urusan dalam negeri negara lain, [[Tiongkok]] (yang bergantung pada Guinea untuk setengah dari bijih aluminiumnya, yang difasilitasi oleh hubungan dengan Presiden Condé yang digulingkan) secara terbuka menentang kudeta.<ref name="china_is_ok_2021_09_foreign_policy">[https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/09/08/china-guinea-interference-relations-alpha-conde-xi-jinping/ "China Is OK With Interfering in Guinea's Internal Affairs,"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223160309/https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/09/08/china-guinea-interference-relations-alpha-conde-xi-jinping/ |date=2022-02-23 }}, September 8, 2021, ''[[Foreign Policy]]'' retrieved September 9, 2021</ref>

Mayoritas Muslim Guinea menganut [[Sunni|Islam Sunni]], dari [[mazhab Maliki]], yang dipengaruhi oleh [[Sufisme|tasawuf]].<ref>{{Cite journal |jstor = 3818383|title = A Sufi Interpretation of 'Le Regard du Roi'|journal = Research in African Literatures|volume = 14|issue = 2|pages = 135–164|last1 = Harrow|first1 = Kenneth|year = 1983}}</ref> Kelompok Kristen termasuk [[Gereja Katolik Roma|Katolik Roma]], [[Anglikanisme|Anglikan]], [[Gereja Baptis|Baptis]], [[Gereja Masehi Advent Hari Ketujuh|Advent Hari Ketujuh]], dan kelompok [[Evangelikalisme|Injili]]. [[Saksi-Saksi Yehuwa]] aktif di negeri ini dan diakui oleh Pemerintah. Ada komunitas [[Baháʼí|Iman Baháʼí]]. Ada sejumlah kelompok agama [[Agama Hindu|Hindu]], [[Agama Buddha|Buddha]], dan Tionghoa tradisional di antara komunitas ekspatriat.<ref>[https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108372.htm International Religious Freedom Report 2008: Guinea] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205052204/https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108372.htm |date=2023-02-05 }} . United States [[Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor]] (29 December 2008). ''This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the [[public domain]].''</ref>