Mars: Perbedaan antara revisi

Setelah terbentuk, planet-planet melewati masa "[[Pembombardiran Berat Akhir]]". Bekas tubrukan dari masa tersebut dapat dilihat di 60% permukaan Mars.<ref name=zharkov93>{{cite book|last=Zharkov|first=V. N.|year=1993|title=The role of Jupiter in the formation of planets|booktitle=Evolution of the Earth and planets|pages=7–17|bibcode=1993GMS....74....7Z}}</ref><ref name=icarus165_1>{{cite journal|author=Lunine, Jonathan I.; Chambers, John; Morbidelli, Alessandro; Leshin, Laurie A.|title=The origin of water on Mars|journal=Icarus|volume=165|issue=1|pages=1–8|year=2003|doi=10.1016/S0019-1035(03)00172-6|bibcode=2003Icar..165....1L}}</ref><ref name=barlow88>{{cite conference|author=Barlow, N. G.|date=October 5–7, 1988|title=Conditions on Early Mars: Constraints from the Cratering Record|booktitle=MEVTV Workshop on Early Tectonic and Volcanic Evolution of Mars. LPI Technical Report 89-04|page=15|publisher=Lunar and Planetary Institute|location=Easton, Maryland|editors=H. Frey|bibcode=1989eamd.work...15B}}</ref> 40% permukaan Mars adalah bagian dari cekungan yang diakibatkan oleh tubrukan objek sebesar [[Pluto]] empat miliar tahun yang lalu. Cekungan di belahan utara Mars yang membentang sejauh 10.600&nbsp;km ini kini dikenal dengan nama [[cekungan Borealis]].<ref name=northcratersn>{{cite web|date=July 19, 2008|title=Impact May Have Transformed Mars|publisher=ScienceNews.org|first=Ashley|last=Yeager|url=http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/33622/title/Impact_may_have_transformed_Mars_|accessdate=2008-08-12|archive-date=2012-09-14|archive-url=https://archive.istoday/20120914153420/http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/33622/title/Impact_may_have_transformed_Mars_|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name=northcraterguard>{{cite news|date=June 26, 2008|title=Cataclysmic impact created north-south divide on Mars|publisher=Science @ guardian.co.uk|first=Ian|last=Sample|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2008/jun/26/mars.asteroid?gusrc=rss&feed=science|accessdate=2008-08-12|location=London}}</ref><ref name=sciam080627>{{cite web|url=http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=giant-asteroid-flattened|title=Giant Asteroid Flattened Half of Mars, Studies Suggest|publisher=Scientific American|accessdate=2008-06-27}}</ref><ref name=nyt080626>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/26/science/space/26mars.html?em&ex=1214712000&en=bd0be05a87523855&ei=5087%0A|title=Huge Meteor Strike Explains Mars’s Shape, Reports Say|publisher=New York Times|accessdate=2008-06-27|first=Kenneth|last=Chang|date=June 26, 2008}}</ref>