Masalah budi–tubuh: Perbedaan antara revisi
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Terdapat beberapa pendekatan filosofis yang menolak pemisahan antara budi dan tubuh, seperti [[materialisme sejarah]] [[Karl Marx]] yang menyatakan bahwa kesadaran dihasilkan oleh kontingensi materi suatu lingkungan,<ref>K. Marx, A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy, Progress Publishers, Moscow, 1977, with some notes by R. Rojas.</ref> dan [[strukturalisme]] [[Prancis]].<ref name=Turner>{{cite book|title=The Body and Society: Explorations in Social Theory|author=Bryan S. Turner|page=78|quote=...a rejection of any dualism between mind and body, and a consequent insistence on the argument that the body is never simply a physical object but always an embodiment of consciousness.|isbn=1412929873|year=2008|publisher=Sage Publications|edition=3rd|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=FYKjzsc6SkAC}}</ref> Ketiadaan bukti empiris untuk keberadaan budi juga dipermasalahkan, sehingga banyak filsuf modern yang menyatakan bahwa budi sebenarnya tidak terpisah dari tubuh.<ref name="Kim1">{{cite book
|last= Kim|first= Jaegwan|editor= Honderich, Ted|chapter=Emergent properties|page=240|title= Problems in the Philosophy of Mind. Oxford Companion to Philosophy|year= 1995|publisher= Oxford University Press|location= Oxford|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=sI4YAAAAIAAJ&dq=editions:qiO-uKvXxpQC}}</ref> Pendekatan tersebut banyak digunakan dalam sains, terutama dalam bidang [[sosiobiologi]], [[ilmu komputer]], [[psikologi evolusioner]], dan [[neurosains]].<ref name="PsyBio">{{cite book|author=Pinel, J.|title=Psychobiology|year=2009|publisher=Pearson/Allyn and Bacon|edition =7th|isbn= 020554892X|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=eW1FAQAAIAAJ}}</ref><ref name="LeDoux">{{cite book|author=LeDoux, J.|year=2002|title=The Synaptic Self: How Our Brains Become Who We Are|publisher=Viking Penguin|isbn=88-7078-795-8|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=3Zpr6NOy5tsC&printsec=frontcover}}</ref><ref name="RussNor">{{cite book|author=Russell, S. and Norvig, P.|title=Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach|publisher=Prentice Hall|isbn= 0136042597|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=8jZBksh-bUMC|year=2010|edition=3rd}}</ref><ref name="DawkRich">{{cite book|author=Dawkins, R.|title=The Selfish Gene|year=2006|edition=3rd|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0199291144|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=0ICKantUfvoC&printsec=frontcover}}</ref>
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