Wikipedia

Pemilihan gubernur Alabama tahun 1874: Perbedaan antara revisi

Jelajahi riwayat secara interaktif
← Revisi sebelumnyaRevisi selanjutnya →
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
VisualTeks wiki
Tidak ada ringkasan suntingan
Tag: halaman dengan galat kutipan VisualEditor
memperbarui Artikel
Baris 1:
{{Short description|none}}
Pemilihan gubernur Alabama tahun 1874 berlangsung pada tanggal 3 November 1874, untuk memilih [[gubernur Alabama]]. Petahana dari Partai Republik [[David P. Lewis]] tidak berhasil mencalonkan diri kembali, kalah dari mantan Perwakilan AS dari Partai Demokrat [[George S. Houston]]. Pemilu ini akan mengakhiri era persaingan yang serius antara partai lokal Demokrat dan Partai Republik, dan mengawali kemenangan beruntun selama 112 tahun bagi [[Partai Demokrat (Amerika Serikat)|Demokrat]] di tingkat [[gubernur]].
 
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2023}}
== Pemilihan Umum ==
Gubernur petahana David P. Lewis adalah mantan Demokrat yang mewakili [[Lawrence County, Alabama|Lawrence County]] di [[Alabama dalam Perang Saudara Amerika#Pemisahan|konvensi pemisahan diri negara bagian]] di awal [[Perang Saudara Amerika|Perang sipil Amerika]], memberikan suara menentang pemisahan diri tetapi akhirnya menjabat sebagai legislator di [[Kongres Konfederasi Sementara]]; dia kemudian menjadi delegasi di [[Konvensi Nasional Partai Demokrat tahun 1868]] untuk Alabama sebelum bergabung dengan Partai Republik.<ref name="woolfolk-article">{{rp|pp=242–248}} dan sudah lama tinggal di Alabama, Lewis terpilih sebagai calon dari Partai Republik untuk [[Pemilihan gubernur Alabama tahun 1872|pemilihan sebelumnya]]<nowiki>. Namun, selama masa jabatannya, terjadi ketegangan antara faksi-faksi di Partai Republik,{{efn|Terutama terdiri dari Unionis sebelum perang, atau scalawags; orang utara yang pindah ke selatan pasca perang, atau </nowiki>[[pengembara karpet]]; dan populasi mantan budak yang baru mendapatkan hak pilih, atau [[Freedman#Amerika Serikat|freedmen]].<nowiki><ref name="eoa-alabama-republicans"></nowiki>{{cite web|title=Partai Republik di Alabama|url=https:/ /encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/republican-party-in-alabama/|website=[[Encyclopedia of Alabama]]|access-date=5 September 2023}}</ref>{{rp|p=241}}<ref name="eoa-david-lewis">{{cite web|title=Lewis, David P.|url=https://encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/david-p-lewis-1872-74/|website=[[Ensiklopedia Alabama]]|access-date=5 September 2023}}</ref> Pernah menjadi pendukung pemberian kembali hak pilih [[Scalawag|scalawags]] yang pernah bertugas di Konfederasi<ref name="woolfolk-article" /><nowiki>}} khususnya mengenai hak-hak sipil dan </nowiki>[[Rekonstruksi di Amerika Serikat|Rekonstruksi]] mulai memanas, dan kekerasan politik [[Ku Klux Klan]] mulai menyasar banyak pemilih partai tersebut.<ref name="eoa-alabama-republicans" />
 
{{Infobox election
Calon dari Partai Demokrat adalah [[George S. Houston]], mantan perwakilan dan Senator negara bagian yang pro-Union pada saat pemisahan diri, tetapi tetap berada di Alabama selama perang, meskipun ia tidak mengambil bagian dalam pertempuran tersebut; dia juga dipilih dalam upaya untuk menarik koalisi yang lebih luas yang mencakup anggota Unionis yang tidak puas dengan pemerintahan Lewis.<ref name="eoa-houston">{{cite web|title=Houston, George S.|url=https:/ /encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/george-s-houston-1874-78/|website=Encyclopedia of Alabama|access-date=5 September 2023}}</ref> Partai Demokrat menampilkan diri mereka sebagai "[[penebus]]" yang akan mengembalikan dominasi kulit putih dan menghilangkan korupsi Partai Republik.<ref name="eoa-houston" />
| map_imageelection_name = File:1874 Alabama gubernatorial election results map by county.svg▼
 
| type = kepresidenanpresidential▼
Partai Demokrat memanfaatkan kesatuan komparatif mereka dalam isu hak-hak sipil dan Rekonstruksi untuk keuntungan mereka; dominasi isu-isu ini dan perpecahan di antara Partai Republik, serta intimidasi dan penipuan pemilih, memberikan kemenangan bagi Partai Demokrat.<ref name="eoa-david-lewis2" /><ref name="eoa-alabama-republicans2" /> Setelah itu, Partai Republik tetap tidak menjabat sebagai gubernur hingga [[Pemilihan gubernur Alabama 1986|1986]], mengakhiri periode di mana mereka memenangkan beberapa pemilu dan mengawali periode panjang dominasi Partai Demokrat di negara bagian tersebut. <ref name="eoa-alabama-republicans2" /><ref name="woolfolk-article2">{{cite journal|last1=Woolfolk|first1=Sarah Van V.|author-link=Sarah Woolfolk Wiggins|date=1964|title=Amnesti dan Pengampunan dan Republikanisme di Alabama|url=https://archive.org/details/alabama-historical-quarterly- v26n02/|journal=The Alabama Historical Quarterly|volume=26|issue=2|pages=240–248|tanggal akses=4 September 2023}}</ref>{{rp|p=240}}
| previous_election = Pemilihan gubernur1872 Alabama 1872gubernatorial election▼
 
=== Pembantaian hari pemilu ===
{{Utama|Pembantaian Pemilu 1874}}
Salah satu insiden kekerasan pemilu yang menonjol terjadi pada hari pemilu di dekat [[Eufaula, Alabama|Eufaula]] di [[Barbour County, Alabama|Barbour County]] sebelum pindah ke [[Spring Hill, Barbour County, Alabama|Spring Hill]] , tempat surat suara dihitung; kejadian serupa terjadi di [[Mobile County, Alabama|Mobile County]]. Dalam kedua kasus tersebut, banyak pemilih kulit hitam yang melarikan diri, dan Partai Demokrat memenangkan wilayah tersebut.<ref name="whitmire-massacre">{{cite news|last1=Whitmire|first1=Kyle|title=Disergap di Eufaula: pembantaian ras yang terlupakan di Alabama|url=https://www.al.com/news/2022/01/ambushed-in-eufaula-alabamas-forgotten-race-massacre.html|work=[[The Birmingham News |AL.com]]|access-date=20 September 2023|tanggal=16 Januari 2022|bahasa=en}}</ref><ref name="wiggins-scalawag">{{buku kutipan|last1=Woolfolk Wiggins|first1=Sarah|author-link=Sarah Woolfolk Wiggins|title=The Scalawag dalam Politik Alabama, 1865-1881|tanggal=1 Juni 1977|publisher=University of Alabama Press|isbn=9780817389284}}</ref>{{rp|p=97}}▼
 
=== Hasil ===▼
{{Kotak pemilihan mulai tidak ada perubahan|title=1874 pemilihan gubernur Alabama<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=262826|title=AL Gubernur 1874|publisher=Kampanye Kami|access-date=November 23, 2016}}</ref><ref name="dubin-gub">{{cite book |last1=Dubin |first1=Michael J. |title=Pemilihan gubernur Amerika Serikat, 1861–1911: hasil resmi menurut negara bagian dan county |date=2010 |publisher=McFarland & Co |location=Jefferson, N.C. |isbn=978-0-7864-4722-0 |page=36}}</ref>}} {{Kandidat pemenang kotak pemilu dengan tautan partai tidak ada perubahan||party=Partai Demokrat (Amerika Serikat)|kandidat=[[George S.Houston]]|suara=107.118|persentase=53,28}} {{Kandidat kotak pemilihan dengan tautan partai tidak ada perubahan||party=Partai Republik (Amerika Serikat)|kandidat=[[David P. Lewis]] (petahana)|suara=93.928|persentase=46,72}} {{Total kotak pemilu tidak ada perubahan||suara=201.046|persentase=100,00}} {{Perolehan kotak pemilu dengan tautan partai tidak ada perubahan||pemenang=Partai Demokrat (Amerika Serikat)|pecundang=Partai Republik (Amerika Serikat)}} {{Kotak pemilihan berakhir}}Awal dominasi Partai Demokrat di negara bagian tersebut juga menyebabkan hilangnya hak-hak yang selama ini diperoleh penduduk [[Afrika-Amerika|Kulit Hitam]], dan dimulainya [[Segregasi di Amerika Serikat|segregasi]] di negara bagian tersebut. negara. Segera setelah pemilu, negara bagian tersebut akan mengesahkan konstitusi baru yang mengamanatkan pemisahan sekolah secara rasial secara efektif,<ref name="eoa-houston2" /> dan menetapkan pendanaan untuk sekolah setiap ras melalui [[pajak jajak pendapat]], yang menghasilkan di banyak daerah karena kurangnya sekolah kulit hitam. Yang juga diperlukan adalah pemisahan penjara, dan undang-undang yang melarang pernikahan antar ras dan seks tetap berlaku; namun, hak pilih kaum kulit hitam sebagian besar tetap utuh.<ref name="birth-of-jim-crow">{{cite journal|last1=Martin|first1=David|title=Kelahiran Jim Crow di Alabama 1865-1896|url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5x65v6ch|journal=Jurnal Hukum Hitam Nasional|volume=13|pages=184–197|tanggal=1993|masalah=1|tanggal akses=5 September 2023|bahasa=en}}</ref>{{rp|pp=193–194}} Namun, pada tahun 1880-an, persepsi ancaman terhadap dominasi Demokrat dari [[Partai Populis (Amerika Serikat)|Populis]] menyebabkan terulangnya teror dan penipuan seperti yang dilakukan terhadap Partai Republik pada tahun-tahun sebelumnya, hanya saja kali ini sasarannya adalah warga kulit hitam dan kulit putih yang miskin; undang-undang lebih lanjut disahkan untuk menegakkan segregasi dan dominasi kulit putih, termasuk undang-undang gelandangan dan kontrak kerja yang lebih ketat.<ref name="birth-of-jim-crow" />{{rp|pp=194–196}} Pada tahun 1901, undang-undang baru konstitusi telah dibuat dengan tujuan eksplisit untuk membangun, "dalam batas-batas yang ditentukan oleh konstitusi federal", sebuah sistem supremasi kulit putih; konstitusi ini secara efektif mencabut hak warga kulit hitam dan banyak warga kulit putih miskin dengan menetapkan, antara lain, persyaratan properti, tes melek huruf, dan pajak pemungutan suara kumulatif.<ref name="law-review-stewart-constitution">{{cite journal|last1=Stewart|first1=William H.|title=Sejarah Tersiksa dalam Upaya Merevisi Konstitusi Alabama tahun 1901|url=https: //www.law.ua.edu/pubs/lrarticles/Volume%2053/Issue%201/Stewart.pdf|journal=Tinjauan Hukum Alabama|publisher=[[Universitas Alabama]]|volume=53|issue=1|pages=295–333|access-date=5 September 2023|tanggal=2001}}</ref><nowiki>{ {rp|pp=295–296}}</nowiki><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Flynt|first1=Wayne|title=Rasa Malu Alabama: Asal Usul Sejarah Konstitusi 1901|url=https://www.law.ua.edu/pubs/lrarticles/Volume%2053/Issue%201/Flynt.pdf|journal=Tinjauan Hukum Alabama|publisher=[[Universitas Alabama]]|volume=53|pages=67–76|tanggal=2001|masalah=1|tanggal akses=5 September 2023}}</ref>{{rp|pp=72–75}}
 
== Referensi ==
{{reflist}}{{Alabama gubernatorial elections}} {{Reconstruction Era}}{{Infobox election▼
| election_name = Pemilihan gubernur Alabama 1874
▲| type = kepresidenan
▲| previous_election = Pemilihan gubernur Alabama 1872
| previous_year = 1872
| next_election = Pemilihan gubernur1876 Alabama 1876gubernatorial election
| next_year = 1876
| ongoing = no
| election_date = 3 November 3, 1874
| registered =
| turnout = <!-- person 1 -->
<!-- person 1 -->
| image1 = George S. Houston - Brady-Handy.jpg
| image_upright = 0.6
| nominee1 = '''[[George S. Houston]]'''
| party1 = PartaiDemocratic DemokratParty (AmerikaUnited SerikatStates)
| popular_vote1 = '''107,118'''
| percentage1 = '''53.28%'''
| image2 = David P. Lewis.jpg
| nominee2 = [[David P. Lewis]]
| party2 = PartaiRepublican RepublikParty (AmerikaUnited SerikatStates)
| popular_vote2 = 93,928
| percentage2 = 46.72%
<!-- map -->| map_image = File:1874 Alabama gubernatorial election results map by county.svg
<!-- map -->
▲| map_image = File:1874 Alabama gubernatorial election results map by county.svg
| map_size = 150px
| map_alt =
| map =
| map_caption = HasilCounty daerahresults<br />'''Houston:''' {{legend0|#7996E2|50–60%}} {{legend0|#6674DE|60–70%}} {{legend0|#584CDE|70–80%}} {{legend0|#3933E5|80–90%}} {{legend0|#0D0596|>90%}} <br/> '''Lewis:''' {{legend0|#E27F7F|50–60%}} {{legend0|#D75D5D|60–70%}} {{legend0|#D72F30|70–80%}}
<!-- bottom -->| title = GubernurGovernor
| before_election = [[David P. Lewis]]
| before_party = PartaiRepublican RepublikParty (AmerikaUnited SerikatStates)
| after_election = [[George S. Houston]]
| after_party = PartaiDemocratic DemokratParty (AmerikaUnited SerikatStates)
}}
 
{{Elections in Alabama sidebar}} The '''1874 Alabama gubernatorial election''' took place on November 3, 1874, in order to elect the [[governor of Alabama]]. Incumbent [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] [[David P. Lewis]] unsuccessfully ran for reelection, losing to [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] former [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. Representative]] [[George S. Houston]]. This election would end an era of serious competition between the local Democratic and Republican parties, and start a 112-year win streak for [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]] in the [[Governor|gubernatorial]] level.
 
== General Election ==
Incumbent governor David P. Lewis was a former Democrat who represented [[Lawrence County, Alabama|Lawrence County]] at the [[Alabama in the American Civil War#Secession|state secession convention]] in the prelude to the [[American Civil War]], voting against secession but eventually serving as a legislator in the [[Provisional Confederate Congress]]; he would go on to be a delegate at the [[1868 Democratic National Convention]] for Alabama before his joining the Republicans.<ref name="woolfolk-article3">{{cite journal|last1=Woolfolk|first1=Sarah Van V.|author-link=Sarah Woolfolk Wiggins|date=1964|title=Amnesty and Pardon and Republicanism in Alabama|url=https://archive.org/details/alabama-historical-quarterly-v26n02/|journal=The Alabama Historical Quarterly|volume=26|issue=2|pages=240–248|access-date=4 September 2023}}</ref>{{rp|p=241}}<ref name="eoa-david-lewis3">{{cite web|title=Lewis, David P.|url=https://encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/david-p-lewis-1872-74/|website=[[Encyclopedia of Alabama]]|access-date=5 September 2023}}</ref> Having been an advocate for the re-enfranchisement of [[Scalawag|scalawags]] who had served with the Confederacy<ref name="woolfolk-article3" />{{rp|pp=242–248}} and being a longtime resident of Alabama, Lewis was picked as the Republican nominee for the [[1872 Alabama gubernatorial election|previous election]].<ref name="eoa-david-lewis3" /> However, during his tenure, existing tensions between the factions of the Republicans,{{efn|Most notably consisting of antebellum Unionists, or scalawags; northerners who had moved south post-war, or [[carpetbaggers]]; and the newly enfranchised population of former slaves, or [[freedman#United States|freedmen]].<ref name="eoa-alabama-republicans">{{cite web |title=Republican Party in Alabama |url=https://encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/republican-party-in-alabama/ |website=[[Encyclopedia of Alabama]] |access-date=5 September 2023}}</ref>}} particularly over civil rights and [[Reconstruction in the United States|Reconstruction]] began to boil over, and the political violence of the [[Ku Klux Klan]] began to target many of the party's voters.<ref name="eoa-alabama-republicans3" />
 
The Democratic nominee was [[George S. Houston]], a former representative and Senator for the state who had been pro-Union at the time of secession, but remained in Alabama through the war, though he took no part in its fighting; he was chosen likewise in an effort to appeal to a broader coalition which included Unionists dissatisfied with Lewis' administration.<ref name="eoa-houston3">{{cite web|title=Houston, George S.|url=https://encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/george-s-houston-1874-78/|website=Encyclopedia of Alabama|access-date=5 September 2023}}</ref> The Democrats presented themselves as "[[redeemers]]" who would restore White dominance and eliminate Republican corruption.<ref name="eoa-houston3" />
 
Democrats used their comparative unity on the issues of civil rights and Reconstruction to their advantage; the dominance of these issues and the division of the Republicans on them, along with voter intimidation and fraud, handed Democrats the victory.<ref name="eoa-david-lewis3" /><ref name="eoa-alabama-republicans3" /> After this, the Republicans remained out of the gubernatorial office until [[1986 Alabama gubernatorial election|1986]], ending a period in which several elections had even been won by them and beginning a long period of Democratic dominance in the state.<ref name="eoa-alabama-republicans3" /><ref name="woolfolk-article3" />{{rp|p=240}}
 
=== Election day massacre ===
{{Main|Election Massacre of 1874}}
▲SalahOne satunotable insidenincident kekerasanof pemiluelectoral yangviolence menonjoltook terjadiplace padaon harielection pemiluday di dekatnear [[Eufaula, Alabama|Eufaula]] diin [[Barbour County, Alabama|Barbour County]] sebelumbefore pindahmoving keto [[Spring Hill, Barbour County, Alabama|Spring Hill]] , tempatwhere suratballots suarawere dihitungthen being counted; kejadiana serupasimilar terjadiincident ditook place in [[Mobile County, Alabama|Mobile County]]. DalamIn keduaboth kasuscases tersebut,many banyak pemilih kulitof hitamthe yangBlack melarikanvoters dirifled, danand Partaithe DemokratDemocrats memenangkanwon wilayahthe tersebutcounties.<ref name="whitmire-massacremassacre2">{{cite news|last1=Whitmire|first1=Kyle|date=16 January 2022|title=DisergapAmbushed diin Eufaula: pembantaianAlabama's rasforgotten yangrace terlupakan di Alabamamassacre|url=https://www.al.com/news/2022/01/ambushed-in-eufaula-alabamas-forgotten-race-massacre.html|work=[[The Birmingham News |AL.com]]|language=en|access-date=20 September 2023|tanggal=16 Januari 2022|bahasa=en}}</ref><ref name="wiggins-scalawagscalawag2">{{bukucite kutipanbook|last1=Woolfolk Wiggins|first1=Sarah|author-linkdate=Sarah1 WoolfolkJune Wiggins1977|title=The Scalawag dalam Politikin Alabama Politics, 1865-1881|tanggal=1 Juni 1977|publisher=University of Alabama Press|isbn=9780817389284|author-link=Sarah Woolfolk Wiggins}}</ref>{{rp|p=97}}
 
▲=== HasilResults ===
{{Election box begin no change|title=1874 Alabama gubernatorial election<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=262826|title=AL Governor 1874|publisher=Our Campaigns|access-date=November 23, 2016}}</ref><ref name="dubin-gub">{{cite book |last1=Dubin |first1=Michael J. |title=United States gubernatorial elections, 1861–1911: the official results by state and county |date=2010 |publisher=McFarland & Co |location=Jefferson, N.C. |isbn=978-0-7864-4722-0 |page=36}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change||party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=[[George S. Houston]]|votes=107,118|percentage=53.28}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change||party=Republican Party (United States)|candidate=[[David P. Lewis]] (incumbent)|votes=93,928|percentage=46.72}}
{{Election box total no change||votes=201,046|percentage=100.00}}
{{Election box gain with party link no change||winner=Democratic Party (United States)|loser=Republican Party (United States)}}
{{Election box end}}
 
The beginning of Democratic dominance in the state also led to the loss of the rights that had been gained by the [[African-Americans|Black]] population, and the beginning of [[Segregation in the United States|segregation]] in the state. Soon after the election, the state would pass a new constitution which mandated the effective racial separation of schools,<ref name="eoa-houston3" /> and established funding for each race's schools through the [[poll tax]], which led in many areas to a lack of any Black schools. Also required was the segregation of prisons, and laws prohibiting interracial marriage and sex remained in place; however, Black suffrage remained mostly intact.<ref name="birth-of-jim-crow2">{{cite journal|last1=Martin|first1=David|date=1993|title=The Birth of Jim Crow in Alabama 1865-1896|url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5x65v6ch|journal=National Black Law Journal|language=en|volume=13|issue=1|pages=184–197|access-date=5 September 2023}}</ref>{{rp|pp=193–194}} By the 1880s, however, perceived threats to Democratic dominance from the ascendant [[Populist Party (United States)|Populists]] led to a repeat of the terror and fraud like those against Republicans in prior years, only this time the target was Black and poor White citizens; further laws were passed to enforce segregation and white dominance, including stricter vagrancy and work contract laws.<ref name="birth-of-jim-crow2" />{{rp|pp=194–196}} In 1901, a new constitution had been created with the explicit aim of establishing, "within the limits imposed by the federal constitution", a system of white supremacy; this constitution effectively disenfranchised Blacks and many poor Whites by establishing, among other things, property requirements, literacy tests, and a cumulative poll tax.<ref name="law-review-stewart-constitution2">{{cite journal|last1=Stewart|first1=William H.|date=2001|title=The Tortured History of Efforts to Revise the Alabama Constitution of 1901|url=https://www.law.ua.edu/pubs/lrarticles/Volume%2053/Issue%201/Stewart.pdf|journal=Alabama Law Review|publisher=[[University of Alabama]]|volume=53|issue=1|pages=295–333|access-date=5 September 2023}}</ref>{{rp|pp=295–296}}<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Flynt|first1=Wayne|date=2001|title=Alabama's Shame: The Historical Origins of the 1901 Constitution|url=https://www.law.ua.edu/pubs/lrarticles/Volume%2053/Issue%201/Flynt.pdf|journal=Alabama Law Review|publisher=[[University of Alabama]]|volume=53|issue=1|pages=67–76|access-date=5 September 2023}}</ref>{{rp|pp=72–75}}
 
== Notes ==
{{notelist}}
 
== References ==
{{reflist}}
▲{{reflist}}{{Alabama gubernatorial elections}} {{Reconstruction Era}}{{Infobox election
Diperoleh dari "https://wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/Pemilihan_gubernur_Alabama_tahun_1874"