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[[Berkas:Odonata copulation.jpg|jmpl|[[Reproduksi seksual]] terjadi pada hampir semua hewan, seperti [[Capung|capung-capung]] ini.]]
Hampir semua hewan menggunakan suatu bentuk reproduksi seksual.<ref>{{cite book |last=Knobil |first=Ernst |title=Encyclopedia of reproduction, Volume 1 |year=1998 |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=978-0-12-227020-8 |page=315}}</ref> Hewan menghasilkan [[gamet]] [[haploid]] melalui [[meiosis]]; gamet yang lebih kecil dan dapat bergerak adalah [[spermatozoa]] dan gamet yang lebih besar dan non-motil adalah [[ovum]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Schwartz |first=Jill |title=Master the GED 2011 |url=https://archive.org/details/petersonsmasterg0000stew_x3f1 |year=2010 |publisher=Peterson's |isbn=978-0-7689-2885-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/petersonsmasterg0000stew_x3f1/page/371 371]}}</ref> Spermatozoa dan ovum bersatu untuk membentuk [[zigot]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Hamilton |first=Matthew B. |title=Population genetics |url=https://archive.org/details/populationgeneti00hami |year=2009 |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |isbn=978-1-4051-3277-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/populationgeneti00hami/page/n69 55]}}</ref> yang berkembang melalui [[mitosis]] menjadi bola berongga yang disebut [[blastula]]. Dalam spons, larva blastula berenang ke lokasi baru, menempel ke dasar laut, dan berkembang menjadi spons baru.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ville |first1=Claude Alvin |last2=Walker |first2=Warren Franklin |last3=Barnes |first3=Robert D. |title=General zoology |url=https://archive.org/details/generalzoology0000vill_t4w4 |year=1984 |publisher=Saunders College Pub |isbn=978-0-03-062451-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/generalzoology0000vill_t4w4/page/467 467]}}</ref> Pada sebagian besar kelompok lain, blastula mengalami penataan ulang yang lebih rumit.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hamilton |first1=William James |last2=Boyd |first2=James Dixon |last3=Mossman |first3=Harland Winfield |title=Human embryology: (prenatal development of form and function) |year=1945 |publisher=Williams & Wilkins |page=330}}</ref> Blastula mengalami invaginasi (pelipatan tertentu) untuk membentuk [[gastrula]] yang memiliki ruang pencernaan dan dua [[lapisan germinal]] yang terpisah, yakni [[ektoderm]] eksternal dan [[endoderm]] internal.<ref>{{cite book |last=Philips |first=Joy B. |title=Development of vertebrate anatomy |url=https://archive.org/details/developmentofver0000phil |year=1975 |publisher=Mosby |isbn=978-0-8016-3927-2 |page=[https://archive.org/details/developmentofver0000phil/page/176 176]}}</ref> Dalam banyak hewan, lapisan germinal ketiga, [[mesoderm]], juga berkembang di antaranya.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Encyclopedia Americana: a library of universal knowledge, Volume 10 |year=1918 |publisher=Encyclopedia Americana Corp. |page=281}}</ref> Lapisan-lapisan germinal ini kemudian berdiferensiasi membentuk jaringan dan organ.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Romoser |first1=William S. |last2=Stoffolano |first2=J. G. |title=The science of entomology |year=1998 |publisher=WCB McGraw-Hill |isbn=978-0-697-22848-2 |page=156}}</ref>
[[Perkawinan sekerabat|Perkawinan dengan kerabat dekat]] berulang kali umumnya mengarah ke [[depresi perkawinan sekerabat]] dalam suatu populasi karena peningkatan prevalensi ciri [[Dominansi (genetik)|resesif]] yang berbahaya.<ref name="pmid19834483">{{cite journal |last1=Charlesworth |first1=D. |last2=Willis |first2=J.H. |title=The genetics of inbreeding depression |journal=Nat. Rev. Genet. |volume=10 |issue=11 |pages=783–796 |year=2009 |pmid=19834483 |doi=10.1038/nrg2664}}</ref><ref name="pmid3324702">{{cite journal |last1=Bernstein |first=H. |last2=Hopf |first2=F.A. |last3=Michod |first3=R.E. |title=The molecular basis of the evolution of sex |journal=Adv. Genet. |volume=24 |pages=323–370 |year=1987 |pmid=3324702 |doi=10.1016/s0065-2660(08)60012-7 |series=Advances in Genetics |isbn=9780120176243}}</ref> Hewan telah mengevolusikan berbagai mekanisme untuk [[Penghindaran perkawinan sekerabat|menghindari perkawinan sekerabat]].<ref name=Pusey>{{cite journal |last1=Pusey |first1=Anne |last2=Wolf |first2=Marisa |title=Inbreeding avoidance in animals |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_trends-in-ecology-evolution_1996_11_5/page/201 |journal=Trends Ecol. Evol. |volume=11 |issue=5 |pages=201–206 |year=1996 |pmid=21237809 |doi=10.1016/0169-5347(96)10028-8}}</ref> Pada beberapa spesies, seperti ''splendid fairywren'' (''[[Malurus splendens]]''), betina mendapat manfaat dengan kawin dengan banyak pejantan sehingga menghasilkan lebih banyak keturunan dengan kualitas genetik yang lebih tinggi.<ref name="Petrie">{{cite journal |last1=Petrie |first1=M. |last2=Kempenaers |first2=B. |year=1998 |title=Extra-pair paternity in birds: Explaining variation between species and populations |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_trends-in-ecology-evolution_1998-02_13_2/page/52|journal=Trends in Ecology and Evolution |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=52–57 |doi=10.1016/s0169-5347(97)01232-9 |pmid=21238200}}</ref>
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[[Berkas:Ultramarine Flycatcher (Ficedula superciliaris) Naggar, Himachal Pradesh, 2013 (cropped).JPG|jmpl|lurus|kiri|Predator, seperti flycatcher ultramarine (''[[Ficedula superciliaris]]'') ini, memakan organisme lain.]]
Hewan dikategorikan ke dalam kelompok-kelompok [[ekologi]]s tergantung pada bagaimana mereka memperoleh atau mengonsumsi bahan organik, termasuk [[karnivora]], [[herbivora]], [[omnivora]], [[detritivor]],<ref>{{cite book |title=Geomorphology and environmental impact assessment |url=https://archive.org/details/geomorphologyenv0000unse |year=2001 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-90-5809-344-8 |last1=Marchetti |first1=Mauro |last2=Rivas |first2=Victoria |page=[https://archive.org/details/geomorphologyenv0000unse/page/84 84]}}</ref> dan [[parasit]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Levy |first=Charles K. |title=Elements of Biology |url=https://archive.org/details/elementsofbiolog0000levy |year=1973 |publisher=Appleton-Century-Crofts |isbn=978-0-390-55627-1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/elementsofbiolog0000levy/page/108 108]}}</ref> Interaksi di antara hewan membentuk [[jaring-jaring makanan]] yang rumit. Pada spesies karnivora atau omnivora, [[predasi]] adalah [[Sistem sumber daya-konsumen|interaksi sumber daya-konsumen]] yang terjadi ketika predator memakan organisme lain (disebut sebagai ''mangsa'').<ref name=Ecology>{{cite book |last1=Begon |first1=M. |last2=Townsend |first2=C. |last3=Harper |first3=J. |date=1996 |title=Ecology: Individuals, populations and communities |url=https://archive.org/details/ecology00mich |edition=Third |publisher=Blackwell Science |isbn=0-86542-845-X |pages= }}</ref> Tekanan selektif yang dikenakan pada satu sama lain mengarah pada [[perlombaan senjata evolusioner]] antara predator dan mangsa, yang menghasilkan berbagai [[adaptasi antipredator]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Ecology of marine fishes: California and adjacent waters |url=https://archive.org/details/ecologyofmarinef0000unse |year=2006 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-24653-9 |last1=Allen |first1=Larry Glen |last2=Pondella |first2=Daniel J. |last3=Horn |first3=Michael H. |page=[https://archive.org/details/ecologyofmarinef0000unse/page/n443 428]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Caro |first=Tim |authorlink=Tim Caro |title=Antipredator Defenses in Birds and Mammals |url=https://archive.org/details/antipredatordefe0000caro |date=2005 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |pages=
[[Berkas:Expl0072 - Flickr - NOAA Photo Library.jpg|jmpl|Kerang dan udang di [[ventilasi hidrotermal]]]]
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Protostoma dan deuterostoma berbeda dalam beberapa hal. Pada awal perkembangan, embrio deuterostoma menjalani [[Penyibakan (embrio)|penyibakan]] radial selama pembelahan sel, sementara banyak protostoma ([[Spiralia]]) mengalami penyibakan spiral.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Valentine |first=James W. |date=July 1997 |title=Cleavage patterns and the topology of the metazoan tree of life |journal=PNAS |publisher=The National Academy of Sciences |volume=94 |pages=8001–8005 |bibcode=1997PNAS...94.8001V |doi=10.1073/pnas.94.15.8001 |pmid=9223303 |pmc=21545 |issue=15}}</ref> Hewan dari kedua kelompok memiliki saluran pencernaan yang lengkap, tetapi dalam protostoma pembukaan pertama [[Arkenteron|usus embrio]] berkembang menjadi mulut, dan anus terbentuk sekunder. Dalam deuterostoma, anus terbentuk pertama dan mulut berkembang secara sekunder.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Peters |first1=Kenneth E. |last2=Walters |first2=Clifford C. |last3=Moldowan |first3=J. Michael |title=The Biomarker Guide: Biomarkers and isotopes in petroleum systems and Earth history |volume=2 |year=2005 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-83762-0 |page=717}}</ref><ref name=Hejnol2009>{{cite book |last1=Hejnol |first1=A. |last2=Martindale |first2=M.Q. |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230766195_The_mouth_the_anus_and_the_blastopore_-_open_questions_about_questionable_openings |title=The mouth, the anus, and the blastopore–open questions about questionable openings |work=Animal Evolution—Genomes, Fossils, and Trees |veditors=Telford MJ, Littlewood DJ |date=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0199570300 |pages=33–40 |access-date=2018-04-17 |archive-date=2018-06-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615190611/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230766195_The_mouth_the_anus_and_the_blastopore_-_open_questions_about_questionable_openings |dead-url=no }}</ref> Kebanyakan protostoma memiliki perkembangan [[Schizocoely|schizocoelous]], di mana sel-sel hanya mengisi bagian dalam gastrula untuk membentuk mesoderm. Dalam deuterostom, mesoderm terbentuk oleh kantong [[Enteroseli|enterocoelous]], melalui invaginasi endoderm.<ref>{{cite book |last=Safra |first=Jacob E. |title=The New Encyclopædia Britannica, Volume 1; Volume 3 |year=2003 |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica |isbn=978-0-85229-961-6 |page=767}}</ref>
Filum deuterostoma utama adalah Echinodermata dan Chordata.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hyde |first=Kenneth |title=Zoology: An Inside View of Animals |year=2004 |publisher=Kendall Hunt |isbn=978-0-7575-0997-1 |page=345}}</ref> Echinodermata secara eksklusif hidup di laut dan termasuk [[bintang laut]], [[bulu babi]], dan [[teripang]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Alcamo |first=Edward |title=Biology Coloring Workbook |year=1998 |publisher=The Princeton Review |isbn=978-0-679-77884-4 |page=220}}</ref> Chordata didominasi oleh vertebrata (hewan dengan [[Columna vertebralis|tulang punggung]]),<ref>{{cite book |last=Holmes |first=Thom |title=The First Vertebrates |url=https://archive.org/details/firstvertebrates00holm |publisher=Infobase Publishing |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-8160-5958-4 |p=[https://archive.org/details/firstvertebrates00holm/page/64 64]}}</ref> yang terdiri dari [[ikan]], [[amfibi]], [[reptil]], [[burung]], dan [[mamalia]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Rice |first=Stanley A. |title=Encyclopedia of evolution |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofev0000rice |publisher=Infobase Publishing |year=2007 |page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofev0000rice/page/75 75] |isbn=978-0-8160-5515-9}}</ref> Deuterostoma juga mencakup [[Hemichordata]] (cacing acorn).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tobin |first1=Allan J. |last2=Dusheck |first2=Jennie |title=Asking about life |year=2005 |publisher=Cengage Learning |isbn=978-0-534-40653-0 |page=497}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Hemichordate genomes and deuterostome origins |url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v527/n7579/full/nature16150.html |journal=Nature |date=26 November 2015 |pages=459–465 |volume=527 |issue=7579 |doi=10.1038/nature16150 |first=Oleg |last=Simakov |first2=Takeshi |last2=Kawashima |first3=Ferdinand |last3=Marlétaz |first4=Jerry |last4=Jenkins |first5=Ryo |last5=Koyanagi |first6=Therese |last6=Mitros |first7=Kanako |last7=Hisata |first8=Jessen |last8=Bredeson |first9=Eiichi |last9=Shoguchi |pmid=26580012 |pmc=4729200 |bibcode=2015Natur.527..459S |access-date=2018-04-17 |archive-date=2015-12-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151201043718/http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v527/n7579/full/nature16150.html |dead-url=no }}</ref>
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