Kapal Pendarat Tank: Perbedaan antara revisi
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←Membuat halaman berisi '{{short description|Amphibious assault ship of World War II}} jmpl|250x250px|[[Kapal pendaratan tank kelas Teluk Bintuni|Landing Ship Tank kelas ''Teluk Bintuni'']] '''Landing Ship Tank''' (disingkat '''LST''') atau '''Kapal Pendarat Tank''', adalah sebutan angkatan laut untuk kapal yang pertama kali dikembangkan selama Perang Dunia II (1939–1945) untuk mendukung operasi amfibi dengan membawa [[tank]...' Tag: VisualEditor Suntingan perangkat seluler Suntingan peramban seluler |
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'''Landing Ship Tank''' (disingkat '''LST''') atau '''Kapal Pendarat Tank''', adalah sebutan [[angkatan laut]] untuk [[kapal]] yang pertama kali dikembangkan selama [[Perang Dunia II]] (1939–1945) untuk mendukung [[Peperangan amfibi|operasi amfibi]] dengan membawa [[tank]], kendaraan, kargo, dan [[Operasi pendaratan|pasukan pendaratan]] langsung ke pantai dengan lereng rendah tanpa [[Dok (maritim)|dok]] atau [[dermaga]]. Draf dangkal dan pintu haluan serta jalur landai memungkinkan [[Peperangan amfibi|serangan amfibi]] di hampir semua pantai.
LST memiliki desain yang sangat khusus yang memungkinkan penyeberangan laut serta landasan pantai. [[Haluan kapal|Haluan]] memiliki pintu besar yang dapat membuka, membuka [[Bidang miring|tanjakan]], dan menurunkan muatan kendaraan. LST memiliki [[Lunas kapal|lunas]] [[Kapal dengan dasar datar|datar]] yang memungkinkan kapal terdampar dan tetap tegak. [[Poros|Baling-baling]] dan [[Kemudi sepak|kemudi]] kembar memiliki perlindungan dari landasan. LST bertugas di seluruh dunia selama Perang Dunia II termasuk di [[Perang Pasifik]] dan di [[Teater Eropa dalam Perang Dunia II|teater Eropa]].
Kapal pendarat tank pertama dibangun sesuai kebutuhan Inggris dengan mengubah kapal yang sudah ada; Inggris dan Amerika kemudian berkolaborasi dalam desain bersama. Kapal-kapal Inggris digunakan pada akhir tahun 1942 selama invasi Sekutu ke Aljazair, dan pada tahun 1943 LST berpartisipasi dalam invasi Sisilia dan daratan Italia. Pada bulan Juni 1944 mereka menjadi bagian dari armada invasi besar-besaran untuk [[Pertempuran Normandia|pendaratan di Normandia]].
Lebih dari 1.000 LST dibangun di Amerika Serikat selama Perang Dunia II untuk digunakan oleh [[Blok Sekutu dalam Perang Dunia II|Sekutu]]; Inggris dan Kanada memproduksi delapan puluh unit lagi.<ref>{{cite web|last=Colton|first=Tim|date=12 April 2008|title=S-Type Special-Purpose Ships|url=http://shipbuildinghistory.com/merchantships/2stypeships.htm|website=Shipbuilding History.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180305222220/http://shipbuildinghistory.com/merchantships/2stypeships.htm|archive-date=5 March 2018|access-date=9 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Gerhardt|first=Frank A.|title=Cost of War-Built Vessels, From Inception, From October 25, 1936 to June 30, 1946|url=http://appendix.usmaritimecommission.de/documents/costs%20on%20warbuilt%20vessels%201936%20to%201946.pdf|website=United States Maritime Commission 1936 Thru 1950|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231074652/http://appendix.usmaritimecommission.de/documents/costs%20on%20warbuilt%20vessels%201936%20to%201946.pdf|archive-date=December 31, 2016|access-date=9 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Budge|first=Kent G.|title=LST Class, Allied Landing Ships|url=http://www.pwencycl.kgbudge.com/L/s/LST.htm|website=The Pacific War Online Encyclopedia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019100734/http://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/L/s/LST.htm|archive-date=19 October 2017|access-date=9 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
== LST Mk.1 ==
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image|Ship image=[[File:The Royal Navy during the Second World War HMS Bachaquero at Bone IWM A 15709.jpg|300px|HMS ''Bachaquero'']]|Ship caption=[[Universal Carrier]] dimuat di Pelabuhan Bone melalui pintu haluan HMS ''Bachaquero''}}
{{Infobox ship class overview|Name=Kelas LST ''Maracaibo''|Builders=[[Furness Shipbuilding Company]], [[Haverton Hill-on-Tees]]|Operators={{navy|United Kingdom}}|Class before=|Class after=''Boxer''|Subclasses=|Cost=|Built range=|In service range=|In commission range=|Total ships building=|Total ships planned=|Total ships completed=3 ({{HMS|Misoa|F117|2}}, {{HMS|Tasajera|F125|2}} & {{HMS|Bachaquero|F110|2}})|Total ships cancelled=|Total ships active=|Total ships laid up=|Total ships lost=|Total ships retired=|Total ships preserved=1}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics|Hide header=|Header caption=|Ship tonnage={{convert|4800|LT|t|0|abbr=on}} [[Tonase bruto terdaftar|GRT]]|Ship length={{convert|382|ft|m|abbr=on}}{{sfnp|Lenton|Colledge|1968|p=577}}|Ship beam=64 ft (19.5m)|Ship draught=*''Bermuatan penuh'' :
*{{convert|15|ft|m|abbr=on}} buritan
*{{convert|4|ft|m|abbr=on}} haluan|Ship depth=|Ship hold depth=|Ship decks=|Ship deck clearance=|Ship ramps=Jalan berengsel ganda, panjang efektif 100 kaki (30 m)|Ship propulsion=Mesin uap reciprocating, 2 poros, 3.000 hp|Ship speed=|Ship range=|Ship endurance=|Ship boats=|Ship capacity=18 × tank 30 ton ''atau'' 22 × Tank 25 ton ''atau'' 33 × truk 3-ton {{sfnp|Lenton|Colledge|1968|p=577}}|Ship troops=Tempat berlabuh untuk 217 pasukan{{sfnp|Lenton|Colledge|1968|p=577}}|Ship complement=98 Personil [[Markas Besar Operasi Gabungan|Operasi Gabungan]]|Ship sensors=|Ship EW=|Ship armament=*1 × meriam kembar 40 mm
*6 × meriam 20 mm{{sfnp|Lenton|Colledge|1968|p=577}}
*3 × [[Senapan mesin Lewis]]
*2 × {{convert|4|in|mm|abbr=on}} mortir asap{{sfnp|Lenton|Colledge|1968|p=577}}|Ship armour=|Ship notes=Peralatan: 2 × crane derek 50 ton}}
|}{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image|Ship image=File:HMS Thruster FL9083.jpg|Ship image size=300|image alt=|Ship caption=HMS ''Thruster''}}
{{Infobox ship class overview|Name=LST (1) kelas ''Boxer''|Builders=Harland and Wolff|Operators={{navy|United Kingdom}}|Class before=''Maracaibo''|Class after=LST (2)|Subclasses=|Cost=|Built range=|In service range=|In commission range=|Total ships building=|Total ships planned=|Total ships completed=3 ({{HMS|Boxer|F121|2}}, {{HMS|Bruiser|F127|2}}, {{HMS|Thruster|F131|2}})|Total ships cancelled=|Total ships active=|Total ships laid up=|Total ships lost=|Total ships retired=|Total ships preserved=}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics|Hide header=|Header caption=|Ship type=Landing Ship Tank Mark I|Ship tonnage=|Ship displacement=*{{Convert|3620|LT|t|0|lk=on|abbr=on}} standar
*{{Convert|5410|LT|t|0|abbr=on}} muatan penuh|Ship length={{Convert|400|ft|abbr=on}}|Ship beam={{Convert|49|ft|abbr=on}}|Ship height=|Ship draught={{Convert|14|ft|6|in|abbr=on}}|Ship depth=|Ship hold depth=|Ship ramps=|Ship propulsion=Turbin uap, 2 poros, {{Convert|7000|shp|abbr=on}}|Ship speed=*{{Convert|18|kn|lk=on}} sarat air dengan pantai
*{{Convert|16.5|kn}} di dalam|Ship range={{Convert|9000|nmi|abbr=on}} pada {{Convert|14|kn|abbr=on}}|Ship endurance=|Ship capacity=13 [[tank Churchill]] ''atau'' 20 tank medium, 27 kendaraan di dek atas, 193 orang|Ship troops=|Ship complement=169|Ship sensors=|Ship EW=|Ship armament=*4 × [[Meriam laut QF 2-pounder|QF 2 pdr]]
*8 × [[Meriam Oerlikon 20 mm|Oerlikon 20 mm]]
*2 × Mortar asap 4 inci|Ship armour=|Ship notes=Peralatan: 1 × derek 40 ton<ref>{{cite book |last=Bishop |first=Chris |title=The Encyclopedia of Weapons of WWII: The Comprehensive Guide |page=532 |location=London, UK |publisher=Amber Books |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-78274-167-1}}</ref>}}
|}
=== Kapal pendarat ''Maracaibo'' ===
[[Evakuasi Dunkirk|Evakuasi Inggris dari Dunkirk]] pada tahun 1940 menunjukkan kepada [[Kantor Angkatan Laut|Angkatan Laut]] bahwa [[Blok Sekutu dalam Perang Dunia II|Sekutu]] membutuhkan kapal laut yang relatif besar yang dapat menangani pengiriman tank dan kendaraan lain dari pantai ke pantai dalam serangan amfibi di benua Eropa. Sebagai tindakan sementara, tiga "[[Kapal Tanker Danau|kapal tanker Danau]]" [[Tonase bruto terdaftar|berbobot]] 4.000 hingga 4.800 ton, dibangun untuk melewati palang pembatas [[Danau Maracaibo]], [[Venezuela]], dipilih untuk dikonversi karena [[Draft|draftnya]] dangkal. Pintu [[Haluan kapal|haluan]] dan jalur landai ditambahkan ke kapal ini, yang menjadi kapal pendarat tank pertama, LST (1): [[HMS Misoa (F117)|HMS ''Misoa'']], ''[[HMS Tasajera (F125)|Tasajera]]'' dan ''[[HMS Bachaquero (F110)|Bachaquero]]''.{{sfnp|Lenton|Colledge|1968|p=577}} Mereka kemudian membuktikan kemampuannya selama [[Operasi Torch|invasi ke Aljazair]] pada tahun 1942, tetapi busur tebing mereka menghasilkan kecepatan yang tidak memadai dan menunjukkan perlunya desain baru yang dilengkapi [[Lambung kapal|lambung]] yang lebih ramping.
=== Kelas ''Boxer'' ===
The first purpose-built LST design was {{HMS|Boxer|F121|6}}.{{dubious|Thruster was launched first, by a couple of months|date=January 2020}} It was a scaled-down design from ideas penned by Prime Minister [[Winston Churchill]]. In order that it could carry 13 [[Churchill tank|Churchill]] [[Infantry tank|infantry tanks]], 27 other vehicles and nearly 200 men (in addition to the crew) at a speed of {{convert|18|kn}}, it could not have a shallow draught sufficient for easy unloading. As a result, each of the three ({{HMS|Boxer|F121|2}}, {{HMS|Bruiser|F127|2}}, and {{HMS|Thruster|F131|2}}) ordered in March 1941 had a very long ramp stowed behind the bow doors.{{sfnp|Brown|2000|pp=142–143}}
Desain LST pertama yang dibuat secara khusus adalah [[HMS Boxer (F121)|HMS ''Boxer'']].{{dubious|Thruster was launched first, by a couple of months|date=January 2020}} Itu adalah desain yang diperkecil dari ide yang ditulis oleh Perdana Menteri [[Winston Churchill]]. Agar dapat membawa 13 [[tank infanteri]] [[Tank Churchill|Churchill]], 27 kendaraan lain dan hampir 200 orang (selain awak) dengan kecepatan 18 knot (33 km/jam; 21 mph), kapal ini tidak mempunyai draft dangkal yang cukup untuk mempermudah bongkar muatan. Hasilnya, masing-masing dari ketiganya (''[[HMS Boxer (F121)|Boxer]]'', ''[[HMS Bruiser (F127)|Bruiser]]'', dan ''[[HMS Thruster (F131)|Thruster]]'') yang dipesan pada bulan Maret 1941 memiliki jalan yang sangat panjang yang disimpan di belakang pintu haluan..{{sfnp|Brown|2000|pp=142–143}}
Kapal-kapal tersebut dibangun di Harland and Wolff dari tahun 1941 dan selesai pada tahun 1943. Bruiser dan Thruster ikut serta dalam [[Operasi Avalanche|pendaratan Salerno]]. Ketiganya dimaksudkan untuk diubah menjadi [[Radar picket|kapal penunjuk arah fighter]] agar dapat melakukan intersepsi terhadap pesawat musuh yang [[Intersepsi yang dikendalikan dari darat|dikendalikan di darat]] selama operasi pendaratan tetapi hanya ''Boxer'' yang diubah.<ref>[https://www.combinedops.com/HMS%20THRUSTER.htm HMS Thruster] combinedops.com</ref>
AS akan membangun tujuh LST (1) tetapi karena masalah desain dan kemajuan dengan LST Mark II, rencana tersebut dibatalkan. Konstruksi LST (1) memakan waktu hingga tahun 1943 dan LST (2) AS pertama diluncurkan sebelum mereka.{{sfnp|Rottman|2005|p=6}}
== LST Mk.2 ==
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image|Ship image=[[File:LST-942 underway in late 1944.jpg|300px|''LST-942'']]|Ship caption=''LST-942'' sedang berlayar segera setelah selesai, pada akhir tahun 1944}}
{{Infobox ship class overview|Name=LST (2)|Builders=*[[Dravo Corporation]]
*[[Kaiser Shipyards]]
*[[Jeffboat|Jeffersonville Boat & Machine Co.]]
*[[Missouri Valley Bridge & Iron Co.]]
*[[Chicago Bridge & Iron Company|Chicago Bridge & Iron Co.]]
*[[American Bridge Company|American Bridge Co.]]
*[[Bethlehem Hingham Shipyard]]
*[[Boston Navy Yard]]
*[[Newport News Shipbuilding]]|Operators=*{{naval|United States}}
*{{coast guard|United States|}}
*{{naval|United Kingdom}}
*{{naval|Canada|1911}}
*{{naval|Japan}}
*{{naval|Singapore}}
*{{naval|Philippines}}
*{{naval|Malaysia}}
*{{naval|Taiwan}}
*{{naval|China}}
*{{naval|Thailand}}
*{{naval|Vietnam}}
*{{naval|Greece}}
*{{naval|Germany}}
*{{naval|Argentina}}
*{{navy|Peru}}
*{{naval|Turkey}}
*{{naval|Indonesia}}
*{{navy|South Korea}}
*{{naval|Venezuela}}
*{{naval|Mexico}}
*{{naval|Italy}}|Class before=|Class after=[[Landing Ship Tank kelas Talbot County|kelas ''Talbot County'']]|Subclasses=*kelas ''LST-1''
*kelas ''LST-491''
*kelas ''LST-542''|Cost=|Built range=1942–1945|In service range=|In commission range=1942–1971 (AS)|Total ships building=|Total ships planned=|Total ships completed=1052|Total ships cancelled=100|Total ships active=*1 (Singapura)
*1 (Meksiko)
*4 (Taiwan)
*2 (Vietnam)
*3 (Filipina)
*1 (Komando Lintas Laut Maritim AS)|Total ships laid up=|Total ships lost=|Total ships retired=|Total ships preserved=* {{USS|LST-325}}
* {{USS|LST-393}}
* {{USS|LST-510}}
* [[USS Pender County (LST-1080)|ROKS ''Hwa San'']]
* [[USS LST-1010|ROKS ''Un Bong'']]
* [[USS LST-849|ROKS ''Wi Bong'']]
* [[USS LST-1134|HTMS ''Pangan'']]
* [[USS Stone County (LST-1141)|HTMS ''Lanta'']]}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics|Hide header=|Header caption=|Ship displacement=*{{convert|1780|LT|t|0}} ringa
*{{convert|3880|LT|t|0}} muatan penuh|Ship length={{convert|327|ft|9|in|m|abbr=on}}|Ship beam={{convert|50|ft|m|abbr=on}}|Ship height=|Ship draught=*''Tanpa muatan'' :
*{{convert|3|ft|4|in|m|abbr=on}} haluan
*{{convert|7|ft|6|in|m|abbr=on}} buritan
*''Dengan muatan'' :
*{{convert|8|ft|2|in|m|abbr=on}} haluan
*{{convert|14|ft|1|in|m|abbr=on}} buritan|Ship depth=|Ship hold depth=|Ship decks=|Ship deck clearance=|Ship ramps=|Ship propulsion=2 × [[mesin diesel]] [[General Motors]] [[EMD 567|12-567]], dua poros, kemudi kembar|Ship speed={{convert|12|kn|mph km/h|lk=in}}|Ship range=|Ship endurance=|Ship boats=2 hingga 6 [[Landing Craft Vehicle Personnel|LCVP]]|Ship capacity=|Ship troops=Sekitar 140 perwira dan pangkat lainnya|Ship complement=8 hingga 10 perwira, 100 hingga 115 tamtama|Ship crew=|Ship sensors=|Ship EW=|Ship armament=*1 × Meriam {{convert|3|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
*6 × Meriam [[Meriam Otomatis Bofors 40 mm L/60|40 mm Bofors]]
*6 × Meriam 20 mm
*2 × Senapan mesin [[M2 Browning|.50 cal (12.7 mm)]]
*4 × Senapan mesin [[Senapan mesin M1919 Browning|.30 cal (7.62 mm)]]|Ship armour=|Ship notes=}}
|}
=== Pengembangan ===
At their first meeting at the [[Atlantic Conference]] in [[Argentia]], [[Newfoundland]], in August 1941, US President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill confirmed the Admiralty's views. In November 1941, a small delegation from the Admiralty arrived in the United States to pool ideas with the [[United States Navy]]'s [[Bureau of Ships]] with regard to development of ships and the possibility of building further ''Boxer''s in the US.{{sfnp|Brown|2000|p=143}} During this meeting, it was decided that the Bureau of Ships would design these vessels. As with the standing agreement, these ships would be built by the US so British shipyards could concentrate on building vessels for the [[Royal Navy]]. The specifications called for vessels capable of crossing the Atlantic, and the original title given to them was "Atlantic Tank Landing Craft" (Atlantic (T.L.C.)). Calling a vessel {{convert|300|ft|m|abbr=on}} long a "craft" was considered a misnomer and the type was re-christened "Landing Ship, Tank (2)", or "LST (2)".
The LST (2) design incorporated elements of the first British LCTs from their designer, Sir [[Rowland Baker]], who was part of the British delegation. One of the elements provided for sufficient buoyancy in the ships' sidewalls so that they would float the ship even when the tank deck was flooded.{{sfnp|Brown|2000|p=143}} The LST (2) gave up the speed of HMS ''Boxer'', at only {{convert|10|kn}}, but carried a similar load while drawing only {{convert|3|ft|cm|0|spell=in}} forward when beaching.
=== Desain ===
[[Berkas:Tank_landing_ship_technical_diagram_1959.png|kiri|jmpl|300x300px]]
Within a few days, [[John Niedermair|John C. Niedermair]] of the Bureau of Ships sketched out an awkward looking ship that proved to be the basic design for the more than 1,000 ''LST (2)'' that were built during World War II. To meet the conflicting requirements of deep draft for ocean travel and shallow draft for beaching, the ship was designed with a large ballast system that could be filled for ocean passage and pumped out for beaching operations.{{sfnp|Niedermair|1982|p=58}} An anchor and mechanical winch system also aided in the ship's ability to pull itself off the beach. The rough sketch was sent to Britain on 5 November 1941 and accepted immediately. The Admiralty then requested that the United States build 200 "LST (2)" for the Royal Navy under the terms of [[lend-lease]].
The preliminary plans initially called for an LST 280 feet (85 m) in length; but, in January 1942, the Bureau of Ships discarded these drawings in favor of specifications for a ship {{convert|290|ft|m}} long. Within a month, final working plans were developed that further stretched the overall length to {{convert|328|ft|m}} and called for a {{convert|50|ft|m|adj=on}} beam and a minimum draft of {{convert|3.8|ft|m}}. This scheme distributed the ship's weight over a greater area, enabling her to ride higher in the water when in landing trim. The LST could carry a {{convert|2100|ST|t}} load of tanks and vehicles. The larger dimensions also permitted the designers to increase the width of the bow door opening and ramp from {{convert|12|to|14|ft|m}} in order for it to be able to accommodate most Allied vehicles. As the dimensions and weight of the LST increased, steel plating thickness increased from {{convert|1/4|in|mm|adj=on}} to {{convert|3/8|in|mm|adj=on}} on the deck and sides, with {{convert|1|in|mm|-thick|adj=mid}} plating under the bow.{{sfnp|Niedermair|1982|p=59}} By January 1942, the first scale model of the LST had been built and was undergoing tests at the [[David Taylor Model Basin]] in [[Washington, D.C.]]
Provisions were made for the satisfactory ventilation of the tank space while the tank motors were running, and an elevator was provided to lower vehicles from the main deck to the tank deck for disembarking. In April 1942 a mock-up of the well-deck of an LST was constructed at [[Fort Knox]], Kentucky, to resolve the problem of ventilation within the LST well-deck. The interior of the building was constructed to duplicate all the features found within an actual LST. Being the home to the Armored Force Board, Fort Knox supplied tanks to run on the inside while Naval architects developed a ventilation system capable of evacuating the well-deck of harmful gases. Testing was completed in three months. This historic building remains at Fort Knox today.<ref>{{cite web|year=2008|title=The LST Building at Fort Knox|url=http://www.generalpatton.org/D-Day/LST.htm|work=generalpatton.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120929233950/http://www.generalpatton.org/D-Day/LST.htm|archive-date=29 September 2012|access-date=19 July 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>
Early LST operations required overcoming the 18th-century language of the Articles for the Government of the United States Navy: "He who doth suffer his ships to founder on rocks and shoals shall be punished..."{{sfnp|Wyckoff|1982|p=51}} There were some tense moments of concept testing at Quonset, Rhode Island, in early 1943 when designer Niedermair encouraged the commanding officer of the first U.S. LST to drive his ship onto the beach at full speed of {{convert|10|kn|mph km/h}}.{{sfnp|Niedermair|1982|p=59}}
=== Produksi ===
{{anchor|LST-1 class tank landing ship}} {{anchor|LST-491-class tank landing ship}}
[[Berkas:USS_Middlesex_County_(LST-983)_launches_a_LVTP-5,_in_the_1960s_(L45-182.02.01).jpg|kiri|jmpl|{{USS|LST-983}} (USS ''Middlesex County'') with [[USS Clarke County (LST-601)|''LST-601'']] (USS ''Clarke County'') in the background, launches a [[United States Marine Corps|Marine]] [[LVTP-5]] for a waterborne landing, in the 1960s. When carrying amphibious tractors, an LST could land her payload from offshore without beaching.]]
[[Berkas:LSTs_325,_388;1016032501.jpg|jmpl|{{USS|LST-325}} (left) and {{USS|LST-388}} unloading while stranded at low tide during the [[Normandy Invasion]] in June 1944]]
[[Berkas:LST-742,1950;1016074201.jpg|jmpl|[[USS Dunn County (LST-742)|USS ''LST-742'']] on 13 October 1950 at Wolmi-do island, [[Incheon|Incheon Harbor]], [[South Korea]], loading supplies for the upcoming Wonsan invasion]]
[[Berkas:GMLSTdieselengine.jpg|jmpl|A GM EMD 12-567ATLP diesel engine as installed in [[USS LST-393]]. The engines were rated at 900 HP (each) at 744 RPM.]]
The LST(2) was built as the '''''LST-1'' class''' and the '''''LST-491'' class'''.
In three separate acts dated 6 February 1942, 26 May 1943, and 17 December 1943, Congress provided the authority for the construction of LSTs along with a host of other auxiliaries, [[Destroyer escort|destroyer escorts]], and assorted [[landing craft]]. The enormous building program quickly gathered momentum. Such a high priority was assigned to the construction of LSTs that the previously laid keel of an [[aircraft carrier]] was hastily removed to make room for several LSTs to be built in her place. The keel of the first LST was laid down on 10 June 1942 at [[Newport News, Virginia]], and the first standardized LSTs were floated out of their building dock in October. Twenty-three were in commission by the end of 1942.
The LST building program was unique in several respects. As soon as the basic design had been developed, contracts were let and construction was commenced in quantity before the completion of a test vessel. Preliminary orders were rushed out verbally or by telegrams, telephone, and air mail letters. The ordering of certain materials actually preceded the completion of design work. While many heavy equipment items, such as main propulsion machinery, were furnished directly by the Navy, the balance of the procurement was handled centrally by the Material Coordinating Agency—an adjunct of the Bureau of Ships—so that the numerous builders in the program would not have to bid against one another. Through vigorous follow-up action on materials ordered, the agency made possible the completion of construction schedules in record time.
The need for LSTs was urgent, and the program enjoyed a high priority throughout the war. Since most shipbuilding activities were located in coastal yards that were mainly used for construction of large, deep-draft ships, new construction facilities for the LSTs were established along inland waterways, some converted from heavy-industry plants, such as steel fabrication yards. Shifting the vessels was complicated by bridges across waterways, many of which were modified by the Navy to permit passage. A dedicated Navy "Ferry Command" orchestrated the transportation of newly constructed ships to coastal ports for final fitting out. Of the 1,051 LSTs built during the war, 670 were supplied by five "cornfield shipyards" in the Midwest. [[Dravo Corporation]]'s facility at [[Neville Island, Pennsylvania]], designated the lead shipyard for the project, built 145 vessels and developed fabrication techniques that reduced construction time and costs at all of the LST shipyards. The [[Missouri Valley Bridge & Iron Co.]] built the most LSTs of any shipyard, with 171 constructed at [[Evansville, Indiana]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Colton|first=Tim|date=15 October 2010|title=Missouri Valley Bridge, Evansville IN|url=http://shipbuildinghistory.com/shipyards/emergencylarge/missourivalley.htm|work=Shipbuilding History|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803142402/http://shipbuildinghistory.com/shipyards/emergencylarge/missourivalley.htm|archive-date=3 August 2018|access-date=16 November 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Chicago Bridge and Iron]]'s shipyard in [[Seneca, Illinois]], launched 156 ships and was specifically chosen because of their reputation and skills, particularly in welding. The [[American Bridge Company]] in [[Ambridge, Pennsylvania]], built 119.
=== Modifikasi ===
By 1943, the construction time for an LST had been reduced to four months. By the end of the war, this had been cut to two months. Considerable effort was expended to hold the ship's design constant, but, by mid-1943, operating experience led to the incorporation of certain changes in the new ships.
From LST-513, the elevator to transfer equipment between the tank deck and the main deck was replaced with a {{convert|12|by|32|ft|abbr=on|m}} ramp that was hinged at the main deck. This allowed vehicles to be driven directly from the main deck down to the tank deck and then across the bow ramp to the beach or causeway, speeding the process of disembarkation.<ref>ONI 266 Allied Landing Craft and Ships</ref>
Changes in the later '''''LST-542'' class''' included the addition of a navigation bridge; the installation of a water distillation plant with a capacity of {{convert|4,000|impgal|L}} per day;<ref>{{cite book|last1=Rottman|first1=Gordon L.|date=20 September 2012|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j4elCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA10|title=Landing Ship, Tank (LST) 1942–2002|isbn=9781782004899}}</ref> the removal of the tank deck ventilator tubes from the center section of the main deck; the strengthening of the main deck in order to carry a smaller [[Landing Craft Tank]] (LCT); and an upgrade in armor and armament, with the addition of a [[3"/50 caliber gun]].
== LST Mk.3 ==
== Layanan dalam Perang Dunia II ==
== Perkembangan pasca perang ==
== Insiden penting ==
== Korban selamat Perang Dunia II ==
== Perkembangan modern ==
[[Kategori:Jenis kapal]]
Baris 9 ⟶ 155:
[[Kategori:LST]]
[[Kategori:Kendaraan amfibi]]
== Referensi budaya ==
== Lihat juga ==
== Referensi ==
== Link eksternal ==
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