Harta Karun: Perbedaan antara revisi

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Tidak ada ringkasan suntingan
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[[File:Jug from Lydian Treasure Usak.jpg|thumb|200px|Buyung, benda peninggalan masyarakat Lidia yang ditemukan di dekat Uşak]]
 
'''Harta Kârun''' adalah nama yang diberikandisematkan kepada koleksi 363 artefak yang terdiri atas 363 barangbernilai berhargatinggi peninggalan masyarakat [[Lidia (Anatolia)|Lidia]] dari sekitar abad ke-7 Pramasehi dan, ditemukan di [[Provinsi Uşak]], kawasan barat Turki,. yangKoleksi ini diperebutkan lewatmelalui [[gugatan hukum|jalur hukum]] oleh [[Turki]] dan [[Museum Seni Metropolitan|Museum Seni Rupa Metropolitan New York]] antara tahun 1987 sampai 1993, dan akhirnya dipulangkan ke Turki pada tahun 1993 sesudah pihak Museum Seni Rupa Metropolitan New York mengaku tahu bahwa barang-barang tersebut adalah barang curian pada waktu melakukan pembelianmembelinya. Nama lain bagiyang disematkan kepda koleksi artefak ini adalah ''Khazanah Lidia''. Artefak-artefak tersebut kini terpajang di [[Museum Arkeologi Uşak]].
 
Koleksi artefak ini kembali santer diberitakan pada bulan Mei 2006 ketika salah satu artefak penting, yakni kerongsang [[Hippokampos|hipokampos]] emas, yang terpajang di Museum [[Uşak]] bersama artefak lainnya yang menjadi bagian dari koleksi ini, didapati sudah diganti dengan [[pelancungan|tiruan]]nya, diduga kuat antara bulan Maret sampai bulan Agustus 2005.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/5027074.stm | title = Croesus riches replaced by fakes|author=| date = 29 May 2006|publisher=[[British Broadcasting Corporation]]| accessdate=29 Mei 2006}}</ref>
 
Koleksi artefak ini juga disebutdikenal dengan sebutan "Harta Kroisos". Meskipun kurang lebih sezaman dengan [[Kroisos]], dapat tidaknya artefak-artefak tersebut dikatkandikaitkan secara langsung dengan tokoh Raja Lidia legendaris itu masih menjadi pokok perdebatan. Beberapa kebudayaan Asia juga mengenal tokoh hartawan legendaris dengan ketenaran yang setaraf dengan Kroisos di dalam kebudayaan Eropa, yaitu '''قارون - Qārūn''' (dalam [[bahasa Arab]] dan [[bahasa Farsi]]), Kârun (dalam [[bahasa Turki]]), atau [[Korah]]. Harta kekayaannya yang berlimpah ruah juga digambarkan dengan berbagai macam ungkapan yang senada dengan ungkapanpemeo Inggris ''"as rich as Croesus"'' (sama kaya rayanya dengan Kroisos) dalam bahasa Inggris.<ref>Qarun dan harta kekayaannya diriwayatkan di dalam [[Al'Quran]] (''[28:76] sampai [28:82]''). Di dalam [[mitologi Persia]], ''harta Qâru'' adalah harta terpendam yang konon terus-menerus berpindah tempat. Frasa ''harta Karu'' (secara harfiah berarti harta kekayaan Kroisos) juga terserap ke dalam [[bahasa Melayu]] dengan makna ''harta kekayaan'', sinonim dengan istilah ''harta terpendam''. ''Ganj-e-Qaru'' (harta Kroisos) adalah judul film [[Iran]] yang diproduksi pada tahun 1965 oleh [[Siamak Yasemi]], dan secara luas dianggap sebagai salah satu karya klasik [[dunia perfilman Iran]]. Film ini meriwayatkan kembali kisah hidup seorang kaya raya yang hendak bunuh diri tetapi akhirnya menemukan kebahagiaan di dalam rumah bersahaja seorang miskin.</ref> Itulah sebabnya istilah "Harta Karun" mengakar di tengah masyarakat. Terlepas dari semua itu, jumlah harta kekayaan Kroisos melebihi 363 artefak, dan [[tumulus]] bilik makam tempat sebagian besar dari artefak-artefak tersebut ditemukan (tempatlokasi penemuan artefak lainnya memang tidak jauh, tetapi merupakan situs lainarkeologi tersendiri) adalah makam seorang perempuan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.serfed.com/dergi/10/15-ANADOLU_UYGARLIKLARI.pdf|title=The rich kings of the thousand hills, Lydians|website=serfed.com|publisher=Turkish Ceramic Federation|author=Nezih Başgelen|accessdate=01 Juli 2005|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070122153206/http://www.serfed.com/dergi/10/15-ANADOLU_UYGARLIKLARI.pdf|archivedate=22 Januari 2007}}</ref>
 
== Penemuan dan penyelundupan ==
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== Sengketa hukum ==
ThePemerintah effortsTurki madeterus-menerus bymengupayakan successivepemulangan Turkishkoleksi governmentsartefak toini retrievekepada thenegara collectionTurki. wereUpaya incitedtersebut sincemulai themenemukan verytitik beginningterang andsesudah followedpemerintah untilTurki conclusionmenerima byinformasi thedari journalistwartawan [[Özgen Acar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/courier/2001_04/uk/doss27.htm |title=We have to change the buyer's attitude |author=Michel Bessières |publisher=[[UNESCO]] Courrier |accessdate=2001-04-01 April 2001 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20010723161923/http://www.unesco.org/courier/2001_04/uk/doss27.htm |archivedate=2001-07-23 Juli 2001 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Acar hadPada chancedtahun upon1984, someÖzgen piecesAcar ofmendapati thebeberapa collectionartefak fortersebut thedi firstdalam timesebuah in[[Katalog 1984koleksi|katalog]] inMuseum aSeni MetRupa MuseumMetropolitan [[Collection catalog|catalogue]] and had informed Turkey's [[Culture and Tourism Ministry of Turkey|Ministry of Culture]] of their clear provenance, while he also wrote several articles and pursued the bureaucratic channels within Turkey with insistence throughout the affair. He acted as a voluntary envoy of the Ministry within the frame of the judicial case launched in [[New York City]] in 1987 and brought to conclusion in 1993,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.herrick.com/Upload/Publication/Articles/ArticleHF_0208.pdf|title=The Art Theft Experts|author=Thomas Adcock|publisher=[[New York Law Journal]]|accessdate=2006-02-24|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061031010110/http://www.herrick.com/Upload/Publication/Articles/ArticleHF_0208.pdf|archivedate=2006-10-31}}</ref> at the same time as he was named [[consultant]] in the larger framework of the Turkey's participation in the work carried out by [[UNIDROIT]] regarding the protection of historic, cultural and religious heritage. Acar's name is also synonymous in Turkey for the retrieval of another set of smuggled archaeological goods, termed "Elmalı Treasure" in reference to their site of origin, the town of [[Elmalı]] in southwestern Turkey, and involving this time [[Lydia]]n coins and extremely rare [[Ancient drachma|decadrachms]] dating from the period of the [[Delian League]], with the [[Boston Museum of Fine Arts]] as his opposite party.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.museum-security.org/reports/003199.html#8|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000823041626/http://museum-security.org/reports/003199.html#8|url-status=dead|archive-date=2000-08-23|title=Elmalı treasure|publisher=Museum Security}}</ref>
 
==Kasus Museum Uşak ==
The efforts made by successive Turkish governments to retrieve the collection were incited since the very beginning and followed until conclusion by the journalist [[Özgen Acar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/courier/2001_04/uk/doss27.htm |title=We have to change the buyer's attitude |author=Michel Bessières |publisher=[[UNESCO]] Courrier |accessdate=2001-04-01 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20010723161923/http://www.unesco.org/courier/2001_04/uk/doss27.htm |archivedate=2001-07-23 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Acar had chanced upon some pieces of the collection for the first time in 1984 in a Met Museum [[Collection catalog|catalogue]] and had informed Turkey's [[Culture and Tourism Ministry of Turkey|Ministry of Culture]] of their clear provenance, while he also wrote several articles and pursued the bureaucratic channels within Turkey with insistence throughout the affair. He acted as a voluntary envoy of the Ministry within the frame of the judicial case launched in [[New York City]] in 1987 and brought to conclusion in 1993,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.herrick.com/Upload/Publication/Articles/ArticleHF_0208.pdf|title=The Art Theft Experts|author=Thomas Adcock|publisher=[[New York Law Journal]]|accessdate=2006-02-24|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061031010110/http://www.herrick.com/Upload/Publication/Articles/ArticleHF_0208.pdf|archivedate=2006-10-31}}</ref> at the same time as he was named [[consultant]] in the larger framework of the Turkey's participation in the work carried out by [[UNIDROIT]] regarding the protection of historic, cultural and religious heritage. Acar's name is also synonymous in Turkey for the retrieval of another set of smuggled archaeological goods, termed "Elmalı Treasure" in reference to their site of origin, the town of [[Elmalı]] in southwestern Turkey, and involving this time [[Lydia]]n coins and extremely rare [[Ancient drachma|decadrachms]] dating from the period of the [[Delian League]], with the [[Boston Museum of Fine Arts]] as his opposite party.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.museum-security.org/reports/003199.html#8|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000823041626/http://museum-security.org/reports/003199.html#8|url-status=dead|archive-date=2000-08-23|title=Elmalı treasure|publisher=Museum Security}}</ref>
The clear need for a museum worthy of the treasure was being voiced ever since the artifacts had returned to Turkey.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.worldpress.org/Europe/1491.cfm | title = Croesus: The poverty of treasure|author=Özgen Acar|author-link=Özgen Acar|publisher=[[Cumhuriyet]]| accessdate=2003-07-21}}</ref> With the seizure by the authorities of ten other illegally excavated artifacts in 1998, further archaeological discoveries and the known presence of eight gold pieces that had appeared in 2000 during an exhibition in a [[Paris]] private gallery for which attempts for retrieval were yet to be made, a handsome collection of base consisting of a total of 375 pieces was already accumulated. But the small museum in [[Uşak]] where the collection was placed, more focused on storage of [[Ushak carpet]]s and operating under conditions of budgetary and staff restraints,<ref>The number of experts working in Turkish museums halved from 1,500 to 750 in the last ten years. {{cite web|url=http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/article.php?enewsid=48792|title=Croesus: Ten people charged in Croesus theft case|publisher=[[Turkish Daily News]]|accessdate=2003-07-21|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060717031211/http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/article.php?enewsid=48792|archivedate=2006-07-17}}</ref> did not fully meet the requirements for the preservation of Karu Treasure. Doubts about the site's suitability were reinforced by the filing of legal action against museum staff regarding the 2007 theft. Ten people were initially accused in relation to the hippocamp's replacement with a fake; the museum's former director was the only one kept in [[Arrest|custody]]. -->
 
==Uşak MuseumKutukan case==
Some{{who|date=DecemberSebagian 2013}}pihak indi Uşak andmaupun beyonddi associatetempat thelain treasuremengaitkan-ngaitkan Harta withKarun adengan [[cursekutukan]]. LegendKonon haskabarnya ittujuh thatorang theyang seventerlibat mendi whodalam tookekskavasi partliar in the illegal digsitu "diedtewas violentsecara deathsmengenaskan oratau sufferedbernasib great misfortunesial".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/nov/25/king-croesus-treasure-returning-turkey|title= King Croesus's golden brooch to be returned to Turkey |work=The Guardian|author=Constanze Letsch|date=25 November 2012}}</ref> -->
The clear need for a museum worthy of the treasure was being voiced ever since the artifacts had returned to Turkey.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.worldpress.org/Europe/1491.cfm | title = Croesus: The poverty of treasure|author=Özgen Acar|author-link=Özgen Acar|publisher=[[Cumhuriyet]]| accessdate=2003-07-21}}</ref> With the seizure by the authorities of ten other illegally excavated artifacts in 1998, further archaeological discoveries and the known presence of eight gold pieces that had appeared in 2000 during an exhibition in a [[Paris]] private gallery for which attempts for retrieval were yet to be made, a handsome collection of base consisting of a total of 375 pieces was already accumulated. But the small museum in [[Uşak]] where the collection was placed, more focused on storage of [[Ushak carpet]]s and operating under conditions of budgetary and staff restraints,<ref>The number of experts working in Turkish museums halved from 1,500 to 750 in the last ten years. {{cite web|url=http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/article.php?enewsid=48792|title=Croesus: Ten people charged in Croesus theft case|publisher=[[Turkish Daily News]]|accessdate=2003-07-21|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060717031211/http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/article.php?enewsid=48792|archivedate=2006-07-17}}</ref> did not fully meet the requirements for the preservation of Karu Treasure. Doubts about the site's suitability were reinforced by the filing of legal action against museum staff regarding the 2007 theft. Ten people were initially accused in relation to the hippocamp's replacement with a fake; the museum's former director was the only one kept in [[Arrest|custody]].
==Curse of the treasure==
Some{{who|date=December 2013}} in Uşak and beyond associate the treasure with a [[curse]]. Legend has it that the seven men who took part in the illegal digs "died violent deaths or suffered great misfortune".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/nov/25/king-croesus-treasure-returning-turkey|title= King Croesus's golden brooch to be returned to Turkey |work=The Guardian|author=Constanze Letsch|date=25 November 2012}}</ref> -->
 
== Galeri ==
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File:Uşak Museum Karun Treasure alabastron 2297.jpg|Buli-buli
File:Uşak Museum Karun Treasure gold bracelet 2274.jpg|Gelang emas
File:Uşak Winged Karun Treasure fake seahorse brooch 2303.jpg|Tiruan kerongsangKerongsang hipokampos sembrani yang palsu
File:Uşak Museum Karun Treasure incense burner 2199.jpg|Pedupaan
File:Uşak Museum Karun Treasure incense burner 2197.jpg|Pedupaan