Kekaisaran Romawi Suci: Perbedaan antara revisi

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[[File:1512 Holy Roman Empire Germania.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.35|Personifikasi Reich sebagai [[Germania (personifikasi)|Jermania]], Lukisan karya [[:de:Jörg Kölderer|Jörg Kölderer]], tahun 1512. "Perempuan Jerman" dengan rambut terurai dan bermahkota, bersemayam di atas singgasana kekaisaran, kiasan citra diri Maximilian I selaku Raja Jerman maupun rumusan ''Kekaisaran Romawi Suci Bangsa Jerman'' (meniadakan bangsa-bangsa lain). Meskipun pada Abad Pertengahan biasanya digambarkan tunduk di bawah kekuasaan kaisar dan Italia atau Galia, kini ia diberi tempat yang paling utama di dalam [[Pawai Kemenangan]] Maximilian, diusung di depan [[c:File:Roma in Maximilian'sTriumphal Procession.jpg|Roma]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Strieder |first=Peter |date=8 May 2017 |title=Zur Entstehungsgeschichte von Dürers Ehrenpforte für Kaiser Maximilian |url=https://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/azgnm/article/view/38143/31806 |journal=Anzeiger des Germanischen Nationalmuseums |pages=128–142 Seiten |doi=10.11588/azgnm.1954.0.38143 |access-date=7 Februari 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hirschi |first=Caspar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4_v4iySQgnsC&pg=PA45 |title=The Origins of Nationalism: An Alternative History from Ancient Rome to Early Modern Germany |date=8 December 2011 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-1395-0230-6 |page=45 |language=en |access-date=7 Februari 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Brandt |first=Bettina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jJLM607h6jsC&pg=PA37 |title=Germania und ihre Söhne: Repräsentationen von Nation, Geschlecht und Politik in der Moderne |date=2010 |publisher=Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht |isbn=978-3-5253-6710-0 |page=37 |language=de |access-date=8 February 2022}}</ref>]]
 
Kaisar Maximilian dan Kaisar Karel V (meskipun pada kenyataannya kedua kaisar ini berjiwa internasionalis<ref>{{Cite book |last=Albert |first=Rabil Jr. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w1ErEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA137 |title=Renaissance Humanism, Jilid 2: Foundations, Forms, and Legacy |date=11 November 2016 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-1-5128-0576-5 |language=en |access-date=5 Februari 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Quevedo |first1=Francisco de |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ciwDEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA6 |title=Francisco de Quevedo: Dreams and Discourses |last2=Britton |first2=R. K. |date=1 January 1989 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-1-8003-4588-1 |language=en |access-date=5 Februari 2022}}</ref>) adalah tokoh-tokoh yang pertama kali mengangkat wacana bangsa, yang disamakan dengan Reich oleh kaum humanis pada masa itu.{{Sfn|Whaley|2011|p=278}} Dengan dorongan dari Maximilian dan para humanisnya, sosok-sosok spiritual ternama kembali diketengahkan atau memasyarakat. Para humanis menemukan kembali risalahsusastra ''[[Germania (buku)|Jermania]]'' karangan pujangga Tacitus.<!-- According toMenurut Peter H. Wilson, thesosok femaleperempuan figureyang ofdinamakan [[Germania (personificationpersonifikasi)|GermaniaJermania]] wasadalah reinventedsosok byyang thedireka emperorulang asKaisar theMaximilian virtuousmenjadi pacificBunda MotherKekaisaran ofRomawi HolySuci RomanBangsa EmpireJerman ofyang theberbudi Germanluhur lagi cinta Nationdamai.{{Sfn|Wilson|2016|p=263}} Whaley furthermenduga suggests thatbahwa, despitemeskipun thekemudian laterhari religioustimbul divideperpecahan akibat perbedaan agama, "patrioticmotif-motif motifscinta developedtanah duringair Maximilian'sditumbuhkembangkan reignpada masa pemerintahan Maximilian, bothbaik byyang ditumbuhkembangkan oleh Maximilian himselfsendiri andmaupun byoleh thepara humanistsastrawan writershumanis whoyang respondedtanggap toterhadap himkebijakannya tersebut, formedmembentuk theinti coresari of asebuah nationalbudaya politicalpolitik culturekebangsaan."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Whaley |first=Joachim |date=2009 |title=Whaley on Silver, 'Marketing Maximilian: the Visual Ideology of a Holy Roman Emperor' {{!}} H-German {{!}} H-Net |url=https://networks.h-net.org/node/35008/reviews/45722/whaley-silver-marketing-maximilian-visual-ideology-holy-roman-emperor |journal=Networks.h-net.org |access-date=5 FebruaryFebruari 2022}}</ref><!--
 
Maximilian'sPada reignmasa alsopemerintahan witnessedMaximilian thejugalah gradualragam emergenceumum ofbahasa theJerman Germanberangsur-angsur common languagemengemuka, with theterutama notableberkat rolesjasa oflembaga the imperial chancery and the chancery of the Wettin Elector [[Frederick III, Elector of Saxony|Frederick the Wise]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Tennant |first1=Elaine C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JdIDcGyUcN4C&pg=PA3 |title=The Habsburg Chancery Language in Perspective, Volume 114 |last2=Johnson |first2=Carroll B. |date=1985 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-5200-9694-3 |pages=1, 3, 9 |access-date=21 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927161255/https://books.google.com/books?id=JdIDcGyUcN4C&pg=PA3 |archive-date=27 September 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wiesinger |first=Peter |title=Die Entwicklung der deutschen Schriftsprache vom 16. bis 18. Jahrhundert unter dem Einfluss der Konfessionen |url=http://www.e-scoala.ro/germana/peter_wiesinger.html |url-status=dead |journal=Zeitschrift der Germanisten Rumäniens (ZGR) |issue=17–18 / 2000 (9th year) |pages=155–162 |doi=10.1515/jbgsg-2018-0014 |s2cid=186566355 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080123112609/http://www.e-scoala.ro/germana/peter_wiesinger.html |archive-date=23 January 2008 |access-date=8 November 2021}}</ref> The development of the printing industry together with the emergence of the postal system ([[Kaiserliche Reichspost|the first modern one in the world]]<ref name="Meinel 2014 31">{{Cite book |last1=Meinel |first1=Christoph |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5O25BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA31 |title=Digital Communication: Communication, Multimedia, Security |last2=Sack |first2=Harald |date=2014 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-3-6425-4331-9 |page=31 |access-date=20 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926235052/https://books.google.com/books?id=5O25BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA31 |archive-date=26 September 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>), initiated by Maximilian himself with contribution from Frederick III and [[Charles the Bold]], led to a revolution in communication and allowed ideas to spread. Unlike the situation in more centralized countries, the decentralized nature of the Empire made censorship difficult.<ref name="Metzig">{{Cite book |last=Metzig |first=Gregor |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MiyXDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA98 |title=Kommunikation und Konfrontation: Diplomatie und Gesandtschaftswesen Kaiser Maximilians I. (1486–1519) |date=21 November 2016 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG |isbn=978-3-1104-5673-8 |pages=98, 99 |language=de |access-date=29 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Scott |first=Hamish M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vL8DCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA173 |title=The Oxford Handbook of Early Modern European History, 1350-1750 |date=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-1995-9725-3 |page=173 |language=en |access-date=12 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Headrick |first=Daniel R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XRBPvOAiQmUC&pg=PA184 |title=When Information Came of Age: Technologies of Knowledge in the Age of Reason and Revolution, 1700–1850 |date=28 December 2000 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-1980-3108-6 |page=184 |language=en |access-date=12 December 2021}}</ref>{{Sfn|Whaley|2011|p=370}}
 
Terence McIntosh comments that the expansionist, aggressive policy pursued by Maximilian I and Charles V at the inception of the early modern German nation (although not to further the aims specific to the German nation per se), relying on German manpower as well as utilizing fearsome [[Landsknecht]]e and mercenaries, would affect the way neighbours viewed the German polity, although in the longue durée, Germany tended to be at peace.<ref>{{Cite web |title=H-German Roundtable on Smith, Germany: A Nation in Its Time Before, During, and After Nationalism, 1500–2000 {{!}} H-German {{!}} H-Net |url=https://networks.h-net.org/node/35008/discussions/9589141/h-german-roundtable-smith-germany-nation-its-time-during-and |access-date=5 February 2022 |website=networks.h-net.org}}</ref>