Noretisteron: Perbedaan antara revisi

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Muhammad Anas Sidik (bicara | kontrib)
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Muhammad Anas Sidik (bicara | kontrib)
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====Efek antigonadotropik====
Karena aktivitas progestogeniknya, norethisterone menekan sumbu hipotalamus-hipofisis-gonad (sumbu HPG) dan karenanya memiliki efek antigonadotropik.[3][49]<ref name="pmid16112947" /><ref name="Kuhl2011" /> Aktivitas estrogenik norethisterone pada dosis tinggi juga diharapkan berkontribusi terhadap efek antigonadotropiknya.[64]<ref name="pmid12466187">{{cite journal | vauthors = Anderson RA, Baird DT | title = Male contraception | journal = Endocrine Reviews | volume = 23 | issue = 6 | pages = 735–62 | date = December 2002 | pmid = 12466187 | doi = 10.1210/er.2002-0002 | url = http://www.hormonebalance.org/images/documents/Anderson%2002%20Male%20Contraception%20ER.pdf | doi-access = free | access-date = 11 December 2019 | archive-date = 28 August 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210828191401/https://www.hormonebalance.org/images/documents/Anderson%2002%20Male%20Contraception%20ER.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref> Karena efek antigonadotropiknya, norethisterone menekan produksi hormon seks gonad, menghambat ovulasi pada wanita, dan menekan spermatogenesis pada pria.[3][49][65]<ref name="pmid16112947" /><ref name="Kuhl2011" /><ref name="KamischkeNieschlag2004">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kamischke A, Nieschlag E | title = Progress towards hormonal male contraception | journal = Trends in Pharmacological Sciences | volume = 25 | issue = 1 | pages = 49–57 | date = January 2004 | pmid = 14723979 | doi = 10.1016/j.tips.2003.11.009}}</ref>
 
Dosis norethisterone oral dan NETA oral yang menghambat ovulasi adalah sekitar 0,5 mg/hari pada wanita.<ref name="pmid16112947" /><ref name="Rudel1968">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rudel HW | title = Pharmacology of oral contraceptives | journal = Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology | volume = 11 | issue = 3 | pages = 632–44 | date = September 1968 | pmid = 4878826 | doi = 10.1097/00003081-196811030-00002 }}</ref><ref name="pmid14667980">{{cite journal | vauthors = Stanczyk FZ | title = All progestins are not created equal | journal = Steroids | volume = 68 | issue = 10–13 | pages = 879–90 | date = November 2003 | pmid = 14667980 | doi = 10.1016/j.steroids.2003.08.003 | s2cid = 44601264 }}</ref> Namun, ada beberapa data yang bertentangan, yang menunjukkan bahwa dosis yang lebih tinggi mungkin diperlukan untuk menghambat ovulasi sepenuhnya.<ref name="pmid22078182">{{cite journal | vauthors = Endrikat J, Gerlinger C, Richard S, Rosenbaum P, Düsterberg B | title = Ovulation inhibition doses of progestins: a systematic review of the available literature and of marketed preparations worldwide | journal = Contraception | volume = 84 | issue = 6 | pages = 549–57 | date = December 2011 | pmid = 22078182 | doi = 10.1016/j.contraception.2011.04.009}}</ref> Suntikan NETE 200 mg intramuskular telah terbukti mencegah ovulasi dan menekan kadar estradiol, progesteron, hormon luteinizing (LH), dan hormon perangsang folikel (FSH) pada wanita.<ref name="Shoupe1993">{{cite book| vauthors = Shoupe D | title=Contraception| chapter=Injectable Contraceptives and Contraceptive Vaginal Rings| series=Clinical Perspectives in Obstetrics and Gynecology|year=1993|pages=144–157| publisher=Springer|issn=0178-0328|doi=10.1007/978-1-4612-2730-4_13|isbn=978-1-4612-7645-6}}</ref><ref name="pmid1122756">{{cite journal | vauthors = Weiner E, Johansson ED | title = Plasma levels of norethindrone after i.m. injection of 200 mg norethindrone enanthate | journal = Contraception | volume = 11 | issue = 4 | pages = 419–25 | date = April 1975 | pmid = 1122756 | doi = 10.1016/0010-7824(75)90004-9 }}</ref><ref name="pmid606499">{{cite journal | vauthors = Fotherby K, Howard G, Shrimanker K, Elder M, Bye PG | title = Effect of norethisterone oenanthate on serum gonadotrophin levels | journal = Contraception | volume = 16 | issue = 6 | pages = 591–604 | date = December 1977 | pmid = 606499 | doi = 10.1016/0010-7824(77)90060-9 }}</ref><ref name="pmid572279">{{cite journal | vauthors = Goebelsmann U, Stanczyk FZ, Brenner PF, Goebelsmann AE, Gentzschein EK, Mishell DR | title = Serum norethindrone (NET) concentrations following intramuscular NET enanthate injection. Effect upon serum LH, FSH, estradiol and progesterone | journal = Contraception | volume = 19 | issue = 3 | pages = 283–313 | date = March 1979 | pmid = 572279 | doi = 10.1016/0010-7824(79)90022-2 }}</ref>
Dosis norethisterone oral dan NETA oral yang menghambat ovulasi adalah sekitar 0,5 mg/hari pada wanita. Namun, ada beberapa data yang bertentangan, yang menunjukkan bahwa dosis yang lebih tinggi mungkin diperlukan untuk menghambat ovulasi sepenuhnya.[68] Suntikan NETE 200 mg intramuskular telah terbukti mencegah ovulasi dan menekan kadar estradiol, progesteron, hormon luteinizing (LH), dan hormon perangsang folikel (FSH) pada wanita.
 
Studi awal tentang norethisterone oral pada pria yang menggunakan dosis 20 hingga 50 mg/hari mengamati penekanan ekskresi 17-ketosteroid, peningkatan ekskresi estrogen (karena konversi menjadi etinilestradiol), penekanan spermatogenesis, libido, dan fungsi ereksi, dan kejadian ginekomastia.<ref [73]name="pmid793446" [74]/><ref [75]name="pmid13583821">{{cite [44]journal [76]| vauthors = Heller CG, Laidlaw WM, Harvey HT, Nelson WO | title = Effects of progestational compounds on the reproductive processes of the human male | journal = Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences | volume = 71 | issue = 5 | pages = 649–65 | date = July 1958 | pmid = 13583821 | doi = 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1958.tb54641.x | s2cid = 32637425 }}</ref><ref name="pmid14400846">{{cite journal | vauthors = Heller CG, Moore DJ, Paulsen CA, Nelson WO, Laidlaw WM | title = Effects of progesterone and synthetic progestins on the reproductive physiology of normal men | journal = Federation Proceedings | volume = 18 | pages = 1057–65 | date = December 1959 | pmid = 14400846 | url = https://www.popline.org/node/472874 | access-date = 11 December 2019 | archive-date = 18 December 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181218193350/https://www.popline.org/node/472874 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name="pmid13942007">{{cite journal | vauthors = Paulsen CA, Leach RB, Lanman J, Goldston N, Maddock WO, Heller CG | title = Inherent estrogenicity of norethindrone and norethynodrel: comparison with other synthetic progestins and progesterone | journal = The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism | volume = 22 | issue = 10 | pages = 1033–9 | date = October 1962 | pmid = 13942007 | doi = 10.1210/jcem-22-10-1033 }}</ref><ref name="pmid14261416">{{cite journal | vauthors = Paulsen CA | title = Progestin Metabolism: Special Reference to Estrogenic Pathways | journal = Metabolism | volume = 14 | issue = 3 | pages = SUPPL:313–9 | date = March 1965 | pmid = 14261416 | doi = 10.1016/0026-0495(65)90018-1 }}</ref> Dosis norethisterone oral 25 mg/hari selama 3 minggu pada pria telah dilaporkan menekan kadar testosteron sekitar 70%, hingga 100 hingga 200 ng/dL, dalam waktu 4 atau 5 hari, serta menekan jumlah sperma dan mengurangi jumlah sperma. tidak berpengaruh pada libido atau fungsi ereksi dalam jangka waktu singkat ini.[77][78]<ref name="MougdalSuresh1995">{{cite journal | vauthors = Moudgal NR, Suresh R | title = Some thoughts on development of chemically based male contraceptives | journal = Current Science (Bangalore) | year = 1995 | volume = 68 | issue = 4 | pages = 470–474 | issn = 0011-3891 | url = https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Downloads/article_id_068_04_0470_0474_0.pdf | access-date = 11 December 2019 | archive-date = 11 December 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191211133812/https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Downloads/article_id_068_04_0470_0474_0.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name="JohonssonNygren1973">{{cite journal| vauthors = Johonsson ED, Nygren KG |title=Depression of plasma testosterone levels in men with norethindrone|journal=Contraception|volume=8|issue=3|year=1973|pages=219–226|issn=0010-7824|doi=10.1016/0010-7824(73)90032-2}}</ref> Pada pria muda yang sehat, NETA saja dengan dosis 5 hingga 10 mg/hari secara oral selama 2 minggu menekan kadar testosteron dari ~527 ng/dL hingga ~231 ng/dL (–56%).[79]<ref name="pmid28189123">{{cite journal | vauthors = Zitzmann M, Rohayem J, Raidt J, Kliesch S, Kumar N, Sitruk-Ware R, Nieschlag E | title = Impact of various progestins with or without transdermal testosterone on gonadotropin levels for non-invasive hormonal male contraception: a randomized clinical trial | journal = Andrology | volume = 5 | issue = 3 | pages = 516–526 | date = May 2017 | pmid = 28189123 | doi = 10.1111/andr.12328 | s2cid = 41502711 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
 
[[File:Hormone levels in men with a single intramuscular injection of 5 mg estradiol valerate and 50 mg norethisterone enanthate in oil.png|thumb|right|450px|Tingkat hormon setelah suntikan intramuskular tunggal estradiol valerat/noretisteron enantat (5 mg/50 mg) pada pria muda yang sehat. Kadar testosteron ditekan secara maksimal sekitar 94% hingga ~30 ng/dL, bila diukur pada hari ke 7 pasca injeksi.<ref name="ValleAlvarez2011" />]]
 
Suntikan NETE intramuskular 200 mg tunggal atau dalam kombinasi dengan 2 mg estradiol valerat telah terbukti menghasilkan penurunan kadar gonadotropin dan testosteron yang cepat, kuat, dan berkelanjutan hingga satu bulan pada pria.<ref name="KamischkeNieschlag2004" /><ref name="Amory2003">{{cite book| vauthors = Amory JK |title=Androgens in Health and Disease |chapter=Androgens and Male Contraception |series=Contemporary Endocrinology |year=2003|pages=405–417|publisher=Humana Press |doi=10.1007/978-1-59259-388-0_21|isbn=978-1-61737-314-5}}</ref><ref name="pmid10971453">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kamischke A, Diebäcker J, Nieschlag E | title = Potential of norethisterone enanthate for male contraception: pharmacokinetics and suppression of pituitary and gonadal function | journal = Clinical Endocrinology | volume = 53 | issue = 3 | pages = 351–358 | date = September 2000 | pmid = 10971453 | doi = 10.1046/j.1365-2265.2000.01097.x | s2cid = 70515136 }}</ref> Suntikan NETE 200 mg intramuskular setiap 3 minggu sekali juga terbukti menekan spermatogenesis pada pria.<ref name="pmid793446">{{cite journal | vauthors = Neumann F, Diallo FA, Hasan SH, Schenck B, Traore I | title = The influence of pharmaceutical compounds on male fertility | journal = Andrologia | volume = 8 | issue = 3 | pages = 203–235 | date = 1976 | pmid = 793446 | doi = 10.1111/j.1439-0272.1976.tb02137.x | s2cid = 24859886 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="PetryMauss1970">{{cite book| vauthors = Petry R, Mauss J, Senge T, Rausch-Stroomann JG |title=Über den Einfluß von Cyproteronacetat, Norethisteronönanthat und Gestonoroncapronat auf die Hypophysen-Gonadenachse beim Mann|chapter=Influence of Cyproterone-acetate, Norethisterone-enanthate and Gestonorone-capronate on the Hypophyseal-Gonadal-Axis in the Male |trans-title=Influence of Cyproterone-acetate, Norethisterone-enanthate and Gestonorone-capronate on the Hypophyseal-Gonadal-Axis in the Male|year=1970|pages=428–430|doi=10.1007/978-3-642-80591-2_118|journal=Endokrinologie der Entwicklung und Reifung|series=Symposion der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Endokrinologie in Ulm vom 26.—28. Februar 1970 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9783642805912 }}</ref> Demikian pula, suntikan intramuskular tunggal 50 mg NETE yang dikombinasikan dengan 5 mg estradiol valerat terbukti sangat menekan kadar testosteron pada pria.<ref name="ValleAlvarez2011">{{cite thesis | type = MSc | vauthors = Alvarez BD | title = Efecto de una Dosis de 50 mg de Enantato de Noretisterona y 5 mg de Valerato de Estradiol en los Niveles de Testosterona Total en Hombres Mexicanos Sanos | trans-title = Effect of a Dose of 50 mg of Norethisterone Enanthate and 5 mg of Estradiol Valerate on Total Testosterone Levels in Healthy Mexican Men | date = 11 May 2011 | publisher = National Polytechnic Institute of Mexico | url = http://repositoriodigital.ipn.mx/handle/123456789/12490 | access-date = 12 September 2022 | archive-date = 16 September 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220916063742/https://repositoriodigital.ipn.mx/handle/123456789/12490 | url-status = live }}</ref> Kadar testosteron menurun dari ~503 ng/dL pada awal menjadi ~30 ng/dL pada titik terendah (–94%) yang terjadi pada hari ke 7 pasca injeksi.<ref name="ValleAlvarez2011" />
Suntikan NETE intramuskular 200 mg tunggal atau dalam kombinasi dengan 2 mg estradiol valerat telah terbukti menghasilkan penurunan kadar gonadotropin dan testosteron yang cepat, kuat, dan berkelanjutan hingga satu bulan pada pria. 82] Suntikan NETE 200 mg intramuskular setiap 3 minggu sekali juga terbukti menekan spermatogenesis pada pria.[73][83] Demikian pula, suntikan intramuskular tunggal 50 mg NETE yang dikombinasikan dengan 5 mg estradiol valerat terbukti sangat menekan kadar testosteron pada pria.[80] Kadar testosteron menurun dari ~503 ng/dL pada awal menjadi ~30 ng/dL pada titik terendah (–94%) yang terjadi pada hari ke 7 pasca injeksi.[80]
 
===Farmakokinetik===