Metabolisme: Perbedaan antara revisi

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Kompleksitas [[jejaring metabolisme]] di dalam sel yang mengandung ribuan enzim berbeda dapat dilihat pada ilustrasi yang menampilkan reaksi 43 protein dan 40 metabolit: urutan genom pada gambar tersebut mengandung hingga 26.000 gen.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sterck|first=Lieven|last2=Rombauts|first2=Stephane|last3=Vandepoele|first3=Klaas|last4=Rouzé|first4=Pierre|last5=Van de Peer|first5=Yves|date=April 2007|title=How many genes are there in plants (… and why are they there)?|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1369526607000088|journal=Current Opinion in Plant Biology|series=Genome Studies and Molecular Genetics / Edited by Stefan Jansson and Edward S Buckler|language=en|volume=10|issue=2|pages=199–203|doi=10.1016/j.pbi.2007.01.004|issn=1369-5266|access-date=2020-07-22|archive-date=2020-07-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200722070348/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1369526607000088|dead-url=no}}</ref> Data [[genomika]] seperti ini dapat digunakan untuk mengonstruksi kembali jejaring reaksi biokimia yang lengkap dan menghasilkan model matematika yang lebih komprehensif untuk menjelaskan dan memprediksi bagaimana reaksi ini bekerja.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Borodina|first=Irina|last2=Nielsen|first2=Jens|date=June 2005|title=From genomes to in silico cells via metabolic networks|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0958166905000649|journal=Current Opinion in Biotechnology|series=Environmental biotechnology/Systems biology|language=en|volume=16|issue=3|pages=350–355|doi=10.1016/j.copbio.2005.04.008|issn=0958-1669}}</ref> Model ini ampuh ketika digunakan untuk mengintegrasikan data lintasan dan metabolit yang didapatkan melalui metode klasik dengan data [[ekspresi gen]] yang didapatkan dari studi [[proteomika]] serta [[DNA microarray|DNA ''microarray'']]<ref>{{cite journal|date=May 2006|title=Systems analyses characterize integrated functions of biochemical networks|journal=Trends in Biochemical Sciences|volume=31|issue=5|pages=284–91|doi=10.1016/j.tibs.2006.03.007|pmid=16616498|vauthors=Gianchandani EP, Brautigan DL, Papin JA}}</ref> Dengan teknik ini, model metabolisme manusia dapat dibentuk yang selanjutnya mengarahkan penemuan obat dan penelitian biokimia.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Duarte|first=Natalie C.|last2=Becker|first2=Scott A.|last3=Jamshidi|first3=Neema|last4=Thiele|first4=Ines|last5=Mo|first5=Monica L.|last6=Vo|first6=Thuy D.|last7=Srivas|first7=Rohith|last8=Palsson|first8=Bernhard Ø|date=Februari 2007|title=Global reconstruction of the human metabolic network based on genomic and bibliomic data|url=https://www.pnas.org/content/104/6/1777|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=104|issue=6|pages=1777–1782|doi=10.1073/pnas.0610772104|issn=0027-8424|pmc=PMC1794290|pmid=17267599|access-date=2020-07-22|archive-date=2020-07-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701130322/https://www.pnas.org/content/104/6/1777|dead-url=no}}</ref> Model ini juga digunakan dalam [[Teori jaringan|analisis jejaring]] untuk mengklasifikasikan penyakit manusia menjadi kelompok-kelompok berdasarkan kesamaan protein dan metabolit mereka.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Goh|first=Kwang-Il|last2=Cusick|first2=Michael E.|last3=Valle|first3=David|last4=Childs|first4=Barton|last5=Vidal|first5=Marc|last6=Barabási|first6=Albert-László|date=Mei 2007|title=The human disease network|url=https://www.pnas.org/content/104/21/8685|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=104|issue=21|pages=8685–8690|doi=10.1073/pnas.0701361104|issn=0027-8424|pmc=PMC1885563|pmid=17502601|access-date=2020-07-22|archive-date=2020-07-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200722044708/https://www.pnas.org/content/104/21/8685|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lee|first=D.- S.|last2=Park|first2=J.|last3=Kay|first3=K. A.|last4=Christakis|first4=N. A.|last5=Oltvai|first5=Z. N.|last6=Barabasi|first6=A.- L.|date=Juli 2008|title=The implications of human metabolic network topology for disease comorbidity|url=https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0802208105|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=105|issue=29|pages=9880–9885|doi=10.1073/pnas.0802208105|issn=0027-8424|pmc=PMC2481357|pmid=18599447}}</ref>
 
Jejaring metabolisme bakteri adalah contoh yang sangat baik dari organisasi [[Dasi kupu-kupu (Biologibiologi)|dasi kupu-kupu]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Csete|first=Marie|last2=Doyle|first2=John|date=September 2004|title=Bow ties, metabolism and disease|url=https://www.cell.com/trends/biotechnology/abstract/S0167-7799(04)00200-8|journal=Trends in Biotechnology|language=English|volume=22|issue=9|pages=446–450|doi=10.1016/j.tibtech.2004.07.007|issn=0167-7799|pmid=15331224|access-date=2020-07-22|archive-date=2013-10-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014194616/http://www.cell.com/trends/biotechnology/abstract/S0167-7799(04)00200-8|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Zhao|first=Jing|last2=Yu|first2=Hong|last3=Luo|first3=Jian-Hua|last4=Cao|first4=Zhi-Wei|last5=Li|first5=Yi-Xue|date=Agustus 2006|title=Hierarchical modularity of nested bow-ties in metabolic networks|url=https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2105-7-386|journal=BMC Bioinformatics|volume=7|issue=1|pages=386|doi=10.1186/1471-2105-7-386|issn=1471-2105|pmc=PMC1560398|pmid=16916470}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ma|first=Hong-Wu|last2=Zeng|first2=An-Ping|date=Juli 2003|title=The connectivity structure, giant strong component and centrality of metabolic networks|url=https://academic.oup.com/bioinformatics/article/19/11/1423/220836|journal=Bioinformatics|language=en|volume=19|issue=11|pages=1423–1430|doi=10.1093/bioinformatics/btg177|issn=1367-4803|access-date=2020-07-22|archive-date=2020-07-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200722044154/https://academic.oup.com/bioinformatics/article/19/11/1423/220836|dead-url=no}}</ref> suatu proses yang masukannya adalah berbagai nutrien yang sangat beragam dan keluarannya adalah berbagai produk dan makromolekul kompleks yang sangat bervariasi meskipun prosesnya hanya melibatkan senyawa intermediat yang jenisnya relatif sedikit. [[Rekayasa metabolisme]] merupakan penerapan teknologi paling utama dari informasi ini. Organisme seperti [[khamir]], tumbuhan, dan bakteri direkayasa genetiknya agar mereka lebih berguna dalam proses [[bioteknologi]] dan produksi obat-obatan seperti antibotik atau produksi bahan kimia industri seperti [[etilena glikol]] dan [[asam sikimat]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Thykaer|first=Jette|last2=Nielsen|first2=Jens|date=Januari 2003|title=Metabolic engineering of β-lactam production|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S109671760300003X|journal=Metabolic Engineering|language=en|volume=5|issue=1|pages=56–69|doi=10.1016/S1096-7176(03)00003-X|issn=1096-7176}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=González-Pajuelo|first=María|last2=Meynial-Salles|first2=Isabelle|last3=Mendes|first3=Filipa|last4=Andrade|first4=Jose Carlos|last5=Vasconcelos|first5=Isabel|last6=Soucaille|first6=Philippe|date=September 2005|title=Metabolic engineering of Clostridium acetobutylicum for the industrial production of 1,3-propanediol from glycerol|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1096717605000509|journal=Metabolic Engineering|language=en|volume=7|issue=5|pages=329–336|doi=10.1016/j.ymben.2005.06.001|issn=1096-7176}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Krämer|first=Marco|last2=Bongaerts|first2=Johannes|last3=Bovenberg|first3=Roel|last4=Kremer|first4=Susanne|last5=Müller|first5=Ulrike|last6=Orf|first6=Sonja|last7=Wubbolts|first7=Marcel|last8=Raeven|first8=Leon|date=October 2003|title=Metabolic engineering for microbial production of shikimic acid|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1096717603000570|journal=Metabolic Engineering|language=en|volume=5|issue=4|pages=277–283|doi=10.1016/j.ymben.2003.09.001|issn=1096-7176|access-date=2020-07-22|archive-date=2011-08-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110828081846/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1096717603000570|dead-url=no}}</ref>
 
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