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Baris 18: '''Psikosis''' adalah kondisi psikologis seseorang yang menyebabkan ia sulit untuk membedakan antara yang nyata dan tidak nyata.<ref name="Continuum">{{cite journal \| vauthors = Arciniegas DB \| title = Psychosis \| journal = Continuum \| volume = 21 \| issue = 3 Behavioral Neurology and Neuropsychiatry \| pages = 715–736 \| date = June 2015 \| pmid = 26039850 \| pmc = 4455840 \| doi = 10.1212/01.CON.0000466662.89908.e7 }}</ref> Gejala psikosis diantaranya [[delusi]] dan [[halusinasi]].<ref name="Continuum"/> Gejala lainnya yaitu ketidak teraturan dalam berbicara dan perilaku yang tidak sesuai dengan situasi.<ref name="Continuum"/> Psikosis juga dapat ditunjukkan dengan [[gangguan tidur]], [[penghindaran sosial]], kurangnya motivasi, dan kesulitan dalam melakukan [[aktivitas sehari-hari]].<ref name="Continuum"/> Psikosis dapat menyebabkan dampak yang serius.<ref name="Continuum"/> Psikosis dapat disebabkan oleh berbagai hal.<ref>{{cite journal \| vauthors = Radua J, Ramella-Cravaro V, Ioannidis JP, Reichenberg A, Phiphopthatsanee N, Amir T, Yenn Thoo H, Oliver D, Davies C, Morgan C, McGuire P, Murray RM, Fusar-Poli P \| display-authors = 6 \| title = What causes psychosis? An umbrella review of risk and protective factors \| journal = World Psychiatry \| volume = 17 \| issue = 1 \| pages = 49–66 \| date = February 2018 \| pmid = 29352556 \| pmc = 5775150 \| doi = 10.1002/wps.20490 }}</ref> Diantaranya [[gangguan jiwa]] seperti [[schizophrenia]] atau [[gangguan [[schizoaffective]], [[gangguan bipolar]], [[deprivasi sensorik]],,<ref name="Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry">{{Cite book \|last1=Gelder \|first1=Michael G. \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pN9rAAAAMAAJ \|title=Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry \|last2=Gath \|first2=Dennis \|last3=Mayou \|first3=Richard \|date=1983 \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|isbn=978-0-19-261294-6 \|language=en}}</ref> [[sindrom Wernicke–Korsakoff]] atau [[sindrom Wernicke–Korsakoff\|beri-beri serebral]]<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Korsakoff Psychosis – Special Subjects \|url=https://www.msdmanuals.com/en-in/professional/special-subjects/illicit-drugs-and-intoxicants/korsakoff-psychosis \|access-date=2024-04-10 \|website=MSD Manual Professional Edition \|language=en-IN}}</ref> dan dalam kasus yang langka, [[depresi mayor]] atau yang disebut juga dengan [[depresi psikotik]]. Penyebab lainnya meliputi [[trauma psikologis]], [[kurang tidur]], berbagai kondisi medis, konsumsi obat-obatan, narkoba, [[alkohol]], [[ganja]], [[halusinogen]], dan [[stimulan]].<ref name="Griswold">{{cite journal \| vauthors = Griswold KS, Del Regno PA, Berger RC \| title = Recognition and Differential Diagnosis of Psychosis in Primary Care \| journal = American Family Physician \| volume = 91 \| issue = 12 \| pages = 856–863 \| date = June 2015 \| pmid = 26131945 \| url = https://www.aafp.org/afp/2015/0615/p856.html \| access-date = 2021-12-06 \| archive-date = 2021-02-22 \| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210222162048/https://www.aafp.org/afp/2015/0615/p856.html \| url-status = live }}</ref> Satu jenis psikosis, yaitu [[psikosis postpartum]], dapat muncul pada perempuan setelah melahirkan bayi.<ref name=":7">{{cite journal \| vauthors = Davies W \| title = Understanding the pathophysiology of postpartum psychosis: Challenges and new approaches \| journal = World Journal of Psychiatry \| volume = 7 \| issue = 2 \| pages = 77–88 \| date = June 2017 \| pmid = 28713685 \| pmc = 5491479 \| doi = 10.5498/wjp.v7.i2.77 \| doi-access = free }}</ref> [[Neurotransmitter]] [[dopamine]] diyakini berperan penting dalam penyakit ini.<ref>{{cite journal \| vauthors = Stahl SM \| title = Beyond the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia to three neural networks of psychosis: dopamine, serotonin, and glutamate \| journal = CNS Spectrums \| volume = 23 \| issue = 3 \| pages = 187–191 \| date = June 2018 \| pmid = 29954475 \| doi = 10.1017/S1092852918001013 \| s2cid = 49599226 \| doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \| vauthors = Grace AA \| title = Dysregulation of the dopamine system in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and depression \| journal = Nature Reviews. Neuroscience \| volume = 17 \| issue = 8 \| pages = 524–532 \| date = August 2016 \| pmid = 27256556 \| pmc = 5166560 \| doi = 10.1038/nrn.2016.57 }}</ref> Psikosis akut dinyatakan primer jika berasal dari kondisi psikiatrik, dan sekunder jika berasal dari kondisi medis lainnya.<ref name="Griswold"/> Diagnosa psikosis kesehatan mental seseorang memerlukan eksklusi penyebab potensial gangguan jiwa lainnya.<ref>{{cite book \| vauthors = Cardinal RN, Bullmore ET \|title=The Diagnosis of Psychosis \|date=2011 \|publisher=Cambridge University Press \|isbn=978-1-139-49790-9 \|page=279 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wE3FXgW9gDkC&pg=PA279 \|language=en \|access-date=2020-06-25 \|archive-date=2020-08-06 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806010504/https://books.google.com/books?id=wE3FXgW9gDkC&pg=PA279 \|url-status=live }}</ref> Pengujian dapat dilakukan dengan memeriksa keberadaan penyakit [[sistem saraf pusat]], [[toksin]], atau masalah kesehatan lainnya yang dapat menjadi penyebab psikosis.<ref>{{cite book \| vauthors = Foster NL \|title=The American Psychiatric Publishing Textbook of Geriatric Neuropsychiatry \|date=2011 \|publisher=American Psychiatric Pub \|isbn=978-1-58562-952-7 \|page=523 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c52vBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA523 \|language=en \|access-date=2020-06-25 \|archive-date=2020-08-19 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819021425/https://books.google.com/books?id=c52vBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA523 \|url-status=live }}</ref> Penanganan dapat berupa [[antipsikotik atipikal]], [[psikoterapi]], dan [[dukungan sosial]].<ref name="NIH2018QA">{{cite web\|title=RAISE Questions and Answers\|url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/schizophrenia/raise/raise-questions-and-answers.shtml\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191008203120/https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/schizophrenia/raise/raise-questions-and-answers.shtml\|archive-date=8 October 2019\|access-date=23 January 2018\|website=NIMH\|language=en}}</ref><ref name=NHS2016/> Penanganan gejala lebih awal dapat meningkatkan hasil.<ref name=NIH2018QA/> Sedangkan obat-obatan diyakini hanya memberi dampak yang moderat.<ref>{{cite journal \| vauthors = Haddad PM, Correll CU \| title = The acute efficacy of antipsychotics in schizophrenia: a review of recent meta-analyses \| journal = Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology \| volume = 8 \| issue = 11 \| pages = 303–318 \| date = November 2018 \| pmid = 30344997 \| pmc = 6180374 \| doi = 10.1177/2045125318781475 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \| vauthors = Leucht S, Leucht C, Huhn M, Chaimani A, Mavridis D, Helfer B, Samara M, Rabaioli M, Bächer S, Cipriani A, Geddes JR, Salanti G, Davis JM \| display-authors = 6 \| title = Sixty Years of Placebo-Controlled Antipsychotic Drug Trials in Acute Schizophrenia: Systematic Review, Bayesian Meta-Analysis, and Meta-Regression of Efficacy Predictors \| journal = The American Journal of Psychiatry \| volume = 174 \| issue = 10 \| pages = 927–942 \| date = October 2017 \| pmid = 28541090 \| doi = 10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.16121358 \| s2cid = 27256686 \| doi-access = free }}</ref> Hasil dari penanganan psikosis tergantung pada penyebabnya.<ref name=NHS2016>{{cite web\|title=Psychosis\|url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/psychosis/\|website=NHS\|access-date=24 January 2018\|date=23 December 2016\|archive-date=15 October 2018\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015043847/https://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Psychosis/Pages/Prevention-OLD.aspx\|url-status=live}}</ref> In the United States about 3% of people develop psychosis at some point in their lives.<ref name=NIH2018QA/> Psikosis telah dijelaskan sejak abad ke-4 sebelum masehi oleh [[Hippocrates]]], dan mungkin lebih awal lagi, yaitu abad ke-16 sebelum masehi di dalam [[papirus Ebers]] kebudayaan Mesir Kuno.<ref>{{cite book\| vauthors = Gibbs RS \|title=Danforth's Obstetrics and Gynecology\|date=2008\|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins\|isbn=978-0-7817-6937-2 \|page=508 \|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=v4krPhqFG8sC&pg=PA508 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book\| vauthors = Giddens JF \|title=Concepts for Nursing Practice – E-Book\|date=2015\|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences\|isbn=978-0-323-38946-4\|page=348\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lB-KCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA348\|access-date=2020-06-25\|archive-date=2020-08-19\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819141258/https://books.google.com/books?id=lB-KCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA348\|url-status=live}}</ref>

Psikosis: Perbedaan antara revisi