Ketidakkekalan (Buddhisme): Perbedaan antara revisi
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{{Buddhisme|dhamma}}
'''Anicca''' ([[Pali|Pāli]]) atau '''anitya''' ([[bahasa Sanskerta|Sanskerta]]), biasa diterjemahkan sebagai '''ketidakkekalan''', merupakan suatu ajaran penting dalam [[Buddhisme]].<ref name="DavidsStede1921p3552">{{cite book|author1=Thomas William Rhys Davids|author2=William Stede|year=1921|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Guw2CnxiucC|title=Pali-English Dictionary|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-1144-7|pages=355, Article on '''Nicca'''}}</ref><ref name="gombrich47">{{cite book|author=Richard Gombrich|year=2006|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jZyJAgAAQBAJ|title=Theravada Buddhism|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-90352-8|page=47}}, '''Quote:''' "All phenomenal existence [in Buddhism] is said to have three interlocking characteristics: impermanence, suffering and lack of soul or essence."</ref><ref name="buswelllopez42">{{cite book|author1=Robert E. Buswell Jr.|author2=Donald S. Lopez Jr.|year=2013|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DXN2AAAAQBAJ|title=The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-4805-8|pages=42–43, 47, 581}}</ref> Ajaran ini menyatakan bahwa semua eksistensi yang berkondisi (''saṅkhāra''), tanpa kecuali, bersifat "sementara, cepat berlalu, tidak kekal".<ref name="DavidsStede1921p3552" />
Anicca merupakan satu dari [[Tiga Karakteristik|''tilakkhaṇa'']] (tiga karakteristik keberadaan)—dua yang lainnya adalah ''[[dukkha]]'' (penderitaan atau ketidakpuasan) dan ''[[anatta]]'' (tanpa-Aku atau tanpa-Roh).
''Anicca'' berbeda dengan [[Nirwana]], yaitu realitas yang bersifat ''nicca'', atau tidak mengenal perubahan, pembusukan, atau kematian.<ref name="DavidsStede1921p355">{{cite book|author1=Thomas William Rhys Davids|author2=William Stede|year=1921|title=Pali-EnC|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-1144-7|pages=355, Article on ''Nicca''}}</ref>
== Dalam tiga karakteristik keberadaan ==
{{Utama|Tilakkhaṇa}}
Anicca dipahami sebagai yang satu dari tiga karakteristik keberadaan (''tilakkhaṇa''), dua lainnya adalah ''[[dukkha]]'' ('kegelisahan', dari dushta, "berdiri tidak stabil") dan ''[[anatta]]'' (tanpa diri, tanpa jiwa, tanpa roh, tanpa hakikat).<ref name="buswelllopez422">{{cite book|author1=Robert E. Buswell Jr.|author2=Donald S. Lopez Jr.|year=2013|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DXN2AAAAQBAJ|title=The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-4805-8|pages=42–43, 47, 581}}</ref><ref name="gombrich472">{{cite book|author=Richard Gombrich|year=2006|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jZyJAgAAQBAJ|title=Theravada Buddhism|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-90352-8|page=47}}, '''Quote:''' "All phenomenal existence [in Buddhism] is said to have three interlocking characteristics: impermanence, suffering and lack of soul or essence."</ref><ref>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/anicca Anicca Buddhism], Encyclopædia Britannica (2013);
[https://www.britannica.com/topic/anatta Anatta Buddhism], Encyclopædia Britannica (2013);
{{cite book|author=Phra Payutto|year=1995|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ffsumKIixS8C|title=Buddhadhamma: Natural Laws and Values for Life|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0-7914-2631-9|pages=62–63|translator=Grant Olson|authorlink=P. A. Payutto}}</ref> Ini muncul dalam kitab-kitab Pali sebagai, ''"sabbe sankhara anicca, sabbe sankhara dukkha, sabbe dhamma anatta"'', yang diterjemahkan oleh Szczurek sebagai, "semua hal yang berkondisi tidak kekal, semua hal yang berkondisi menyakitkan, semua ''dhamma'' tidak memiliki Diri."<ref name="GombrichScherrer2008p209">{{cite book|author1=Richard Francis Gombrich|author2=Cristina Anna Scherrer-Schaub|year=2008|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U7_Rea05eAMC|title=Buddhist Studies|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-3248-0|pages=209–210}}</ref>
Semua peristiwa fisik dan mental, menurut ajaran Buddha, muncul dan lenyap.<ref name="DavidsStede1921p3552" /><ref>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/anicca Anicca Buddhism], Encyclopædia Britannica (2013)</ref><ref name="buswelllopez47">{{cite book|author1=Robert E. Buswell Jr.|author2=Donald S. Lopez Jr.|year=2013|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DXN2AAAAQBAJ|title=The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-4805-8|pages=47–48, Article on ''Anitya''}}</ref><ref>[http://www.britannica.com/topic/anicca Anicca Buddhism], Encyclopædia Britannica (2013).</ref><ref name="Billington2002p56">{{cite book|author=Ray Billington|year=2002|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dACFAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA56|title=Understanding Eastern Philosophy|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-79348-8|pages=56–59}}</ref> Kehidupan manusia merupakan perwujudan dari ketidakkekalan dalam proses penuaan dan [[Saṁsāra|siklus kelahiran dan kematian]] yang berulang (''saṁsāra''); tak ada yang abadi, dan semuanya dapat rusak. Ketidakkekalan juga berlaku bagi semua makhluk dan lingkungannya, termasuk makhluk yang terlahir di [[Loka (Buddhisme)#Alam Surga dan Alam Manusia|Alam Surga]] dan [[Loka (Buddhisme)#Alam Kemalangan|Alam Neraka]].<ref name="damienkeown32">{{cite book|author=Damien Keown|year=2013|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_QXX0Uq29aoC|title=Buddhism: A Very Short Introduction|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-966383-5|pages=32–8}}</ref><ref name="Harvey2012p46">{{cite book|author=Peter Harvey|year=2012|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u0sg9LV_rEgC|title=An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-85942-4|pages=32–33, 38–39, 46–49}}</ref>
Segala sesuatu, baik fisik maupun mental, adalah suatu bentukan berkondisi ([[Saṅkhāra|''saṅkhāra'']]) yang memiliki [[Paṭiccasamuppāda|asal muasal yang saling bergantung]] dan tidak kekal. Sesuatu tersebut muncul, berubah, dan lenyap.<ref>{{cite book|author=Paul Williams|year=2005|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VHj5DWDJjnIC|title=Buddhism: Buddhism in China, East Asia, and Japan|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-33234-7|pages=150–153}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Damien Keown|year=2004|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=985a1M7L1NcC|title=A Dictionary of Buddhism|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-157917-2|page=15}}</ref> Menurut Buddhisme, segala sesuatu dalam kehidupan manusia, semua benda, juga semua makhluk baik di alam apa pun dalam [[Loka (Buddhisme)|kosmologi Buddhis]], selalu berubah, tidak kekal, mengalami kelahiran kembali dan kematian kembali ([[saṁsāra]]).<ref name="damienkeown322">{{cite book|author=Damien Keown|year=2013|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_QXX0Uq29aoC|title=Buddhism: A Very Short Introduction|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-966383-5|pages=32–38}}</ref><ref name="Harvey2012p462">{{cite book|author=Peter Harvey|year=2012|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u0sg9LV_rEgC|title=An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-85942-4|pages=32–33, 38–39, 46–49}}</ref>
=== Hubungannya dengan anatta ===
Anicca berkaitan erat dengan ajaran [[anatta]], yang menyatakan bahwa segala sesuatu tidak memiliki hakikat, diri yang kekal, roh yang kekal, atau jiwa yang tidak berubah.<ref name="britannicaanatta">[https://www.britannica.com/topic/anatta Anatta Buddhism], Encyclopædia Britannica (2013)</ref><ref>[a] {{cite book|author=Christmas Humphreys|year=2012|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V3rYtmCZEIEC|title=Exploring Buddhism|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-22877-3|pages=42–43}}
[b] {{cite book|author=Brian Morris|year=2006|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PguGB_uEQh4C&pg=PA51|title=Religion and Anthropology: A Critical Introduction|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-85241-8|pages=51}}, '''Quote:''' "(...) anatta is the doctrine of non-self, and is an extreme empiricist doctrine that holds that the notion of an unchanging permanent self is a fiction and has no reality. According to Buddhist doctrine, the individual person consists of five skandhas or heaps - the body, feelings, perceptions, impulses and consciousness. The belief in a self or soul, over these five skandhas, is illusory and the cause of suffering."
[c] {{cite book|author=Richard Gombrich|year=2006|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jZyJAgAAQBAJ|title=Theravada Buddhism|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-90352-8|page=47}}, '''Quote:''' "(...) Buddha's teaching that beings have no soul, no abiding essence. This 'no-soul doctrine' (anatta-vada) he expounded in his second sermon."</ref> Memahami anicca dan anatta merupakan langkah-langkah dalam kemajuan spiritual umat Buddha menuju [[Bodhi|kecerahan]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Brian Morris|year=2006|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PguGB_uEQh4C|title=Religion and Anthropology: A Critical Introduction|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-85241-8|pages=51–53}}</ref><ref name="Billington2002p562">{{cite book|author=Ray Billington|year=2002|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dACFAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA56|title=Understanding Eastern Philosophy|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-79348-8|pages=56–59}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=John Whalen-Bridge|year=2011|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NApdAs7dkk4C|title=Writing as Enlightenment: Buddhist American Literature into the Twenty-first Century|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-1-4384-3921-1|pages=154–155}}</ref>
=== Hubungannya dengan dukkha ===
Ketidakkekalan ini adalah sumber ''dukkha''. Sang Buddha mengajarkan bahwa karena tidak ada objek fisik atau mental yang bersifat kekal, keinginan atau keterikatan terhadap keduanya menyebabkan penderitaan (''dukkha'').
[[:en:Rupert_Gethin|Rupert Gethin]] menjelaskan tentang [[Empat Kebenaran Mulia|Four Noble Truths]]:<ref>{{cite book|author=Rupert Gethin|year=1998|url=https://archive.org/details/foundationsofbud00rupe|title=The Foundations of Buddhism|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-160671-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/foundationsofbud00rupe/page/74 74]|url-access=registration}}</ref>
{{Blockquote|quote=<poem>
As long as there is attachment to things that are
unstable, unreliable, changing and impermanent,
there will be suffering –
when they change, when they cease to be
what we want them to be.
(...)
If craving is the cause of suffering, then the cessation
of suffering will surely follow from 'the complete
fading away and ceasing of that very craving':
its abandoning, relinquishing, releasing, letting go.
</poem>}}
== Dalam agregat kehidupan ==
{{Main|Khandha}}
Lima agregat atau [[Khandha|''pāncakkhandha'']] juga tunduk pada corak ketidakkekalan, sebagaimana Buddha sampaikan pada kitab suci [[Tipiṭaka]] bagian [[Saṁyutta Nikāya]]
Semuanya adalah tidak kekal. Dan apa yang semuanya adalah tidak kekal ? mata adalah tidak kekal, penglihatan akan benda (rupa) .. kesadadaran visual ... tatapan mata (cakku-samphassa) .. apapun yang dirasakan (vedayita) baik menyenangkan atau tidak atau tidak-menyenangkan-atau-menyenangkan, terlahir dari pandangan mata adalah tidak kekal. (Demikian pula dengan telinga, hidung, lidah, tubuh, dan pikiran)''
|4=[[Samyutta Nikaya]] 35.43
|5=vol. 1v, 28}}
== Referensi ==
<references />
== Lihat pula ==
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== Pranala luar ==
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