Kerongsang Kelt: Perbedaan antara revisi

 

===Later brooches, and the Vikings===

The [[Vikings]] began to raid Ireland from 795, with catastrophic effect for the [[monastery|monasteries]] in particular. However, although the Vikings established several [[longphort]]s, initially fortified encampments for over-wintering, and later towns like [[Dublin]], [[Wexford]], [[Cork (city)|Cork]], and [[Waterford]] (the first real urban centres in Ireland), the native Irish were more successful than the English and Scots in preventing large-scale Viking takeovers of areas for settlement by farmers. By about the year 1000, the situation was relatively stable, with a mixed population of [[Norse-Gaels]] in the towns and areas close to them, while the Gaelic Irish, whose elite often formed political alliances, trading partnerships and inter-marriages with Viking leaders, remained in control of the great majority of the island, and were able to draw tribute from the Viking towns.<ref>Ship, Doherty, 34–35</ref>