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Baris 5: == Konsep == Ruang gema didefinisikan sebagai "suatu ruang media yang memiliki potensi untuk meningkatkan informasi internal atau menghalangi informasi dari luar".<ref name="Arguedas2022">{{cite web\|first1=Amy Ross\|last1=Arguedas\|first2=Craig T.\|last2=Robertson\|first3=Richard\|last3=Fletcher\|first4=Rasmus Kleis\|last4=Nielsen\|date=19 Januari 2022\|access-date=15 Desember 2024\|title=Echo chambers, filter bubbles, and polarisation: a literature review\|doi=10.60625/risj-etxj-7k60\|website=Reuters Institute {{!}} ~~Oxford~~University of ~~University~~Oxford}}</ref> Karena ruang gema merupakan suaru ruang media, maka hal ini tidak dapat dipelajari hanya dengan mempelajari satu platform saja. Secara prinsip, ruang gema dapat berupa informasi apa pun. Dalam diskusi publik dan politik, istilah ruang gema kadang digunakan bersamaan dengan [[gelembung tersaring]] ({{lang-en\|filter bubble}}). Namun, kedua istilah tersebut perlu dibedakan. Ruang gema adalah salah satu bentuk dari gelembung tersaring, dengan orang dapat masuk secara aktif atau tidak aktif masuk kedalam gelembung tersebut. Sementara itu, gelembung tersaring biasanya tercipta oleh karena algoritma suatu platform oleh karena kepentingan komersial platform tersebut, dibandingkan dengan kontribusi aktif pengguna.<ref name="Arguedas2022"/> Ruang gema dapat terbentuk pada blog, forum,<ref>{{cite journal\|first=Arthur\|last=Edwards\|title=(How) do participants in online discussion forums create 'echo chambers'?: The inclusion and exclusion of dissenting voices in an online forum about climate change\|journal=Journal of Argumentation in Context\|volume=2\|issue=1\|year=2013\|pp=127-150\|doi=10.1075/jaic.2.1.06edw}}</ref> dan sosial media.<ref name="Cinelli2021"/> Orang biasanya masuk ke dalam ruang gema untuk meningkatkan rasa percara dirinya karena merasa opininya akan diterima oleh orang lain.<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Mutz\|first=Diana C.\|title=Hearing the Other Side\|date=2006\|publisher=Cambridge University Press\|isbn=978-0-511-61720-1\|location=Cambridge\|doi=10.1017/cbo9780511617201}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite journal\|last1=Hampton\|first1=Keith N.\|last2=Shin\|first2=Inyoung\|last3=Lu\|first3=Weixu\|date=2017-07-03\|title=Social media and political discussion: when online presence silences offline conversation\|journal=Information, Communication & Society\|volume=20\|issue=7\|pages=1090–1107\|doi=10.1080/1369118x.2016.1218526\|issn=1369-118X\|doi-access=free}}</ref> Orang-orang tersebut sering mendapatkan informasi dari [[sosial media]], seperti [[Facebook]] dan [[Twitter]]. Situs-situs tersebut biasanya memiliki algoritma mereka yang berdasarkan pada interaksi yang dilakukan oleh pengguna, yang akhirnya mengubah fungsi editor pada media tradisional.<ref>{{cite magazine\|last1=Hosanagar\|first1=Kartik\|date=2016-11-25\|title=Blame the Echo Chamber on Facebook. But Blame Yourself, Too\|url=https://www.wired.com/2016/11/facebook-echo-chamber/\|magazine=[[Wired (majalah)\|Wired]]\|access-date=2017-09-24}}</ref> Penyebaran informasi melalui jaringan daring ini dapat membuat risiko gelembung tersaring, yang dapat membuat polarisasi dalam interaksi daring.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Ulen\|first=Thomas S.\|date=2001\|title=Democracy and the Internet: Cass R. Sunstein, Republic.Com. Princeton, NJ. Princeton University Press. Pp. 224. 2001\|journal=SSRN Working Paper Series\|doi=10.2139/ssrn.286293\|issn=1556-5068}}</ref> Baris 19: ** Bradley Center for Philanthropy and Civic Renewal dari The [[Hudson Institute]] [https://web.archive.org/web/20080408062323/http://www.hudson.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=hudson_upcoming_events&id=162 wonder if they "got it, well, Right"]. * "[https://web.archive.org/web/20080511011233/http://www.pfaw.org/pfaw/general/default.aspx?oid=2052 Buying a Movement: Right-Wing Foundations and American Politics]," (Washington, DC: People for the American Way, 1996). Atau [https://web.archive.org/web/20070807082345/http://www.pfaw.org/pfaw/dfiles/file_33.pdf unduh versi PDF] untuk laporan lengkap. * ~~Dan~~{{cite web\|first=Dan\|last=Morgan~~, "[~~\|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A46598-2000Jan28 \|title=Think Tanks: Corporations' Quiet Weapon~~] {{Webarchive~~\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190831190851/https://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A46598-2000Jan28/ \|archive-date={{date\|2019-08-31 }}," \|website=Washington Post, \|date=29 Januari 2000~~, hlm.~~ \|p=A1.}} * {{cite web\|first1=Jeff \|last1=Gerth ~~and~~ \|first2=Sheryl Gay \|last2=Stolberg~~, [~~\|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/10/05/science/05LOBB.html "\|title=Drug Industry Has Ties to Groups With Many Different Voices~~"],~~ \|website=New York Times, \|date=5 Oktober 2000.}} * ~~Robert~~{{cite web\|first=Robert\|last=Kuttner~~, "[~~\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070412172904/http://www.prospect.org/print/V13/13/kuttner-r.html \|title=Philanthropy and Movements~~],"~~ \|website=The American Prospect, \|date=2 Juli 2002\|url=http://www.prospect.org/print/V13/13/kuttner-r.html\|archive-date={{date\|2007-04-12}} }} <!--* Robert W. Hahn, "[http://www.policyreview.org/OCT02/hahn.html The False Promise of 'Full Disclosure']{{Pranala mati\|date=Maret 2021 \|bot=InternetArchiveBot \|fix-attempted=yes }}," [[Policy Review]], [[Hoover Institution]], Oktober 2002. * David Brock, ''Blinded by the Right: The Conscience of an Ex-Conservative'' (New York, NY: Three Rivers Press, 2002).--> * ~~Jeff~~{{cite web\|first=Jeff\|last=Chester~~, [~~\|url=http://www.thenation.com/docprint.mhtml?i=20031222&s=chester "\|title=A Present for Murdoch~~"], ''~~\|website=The Nation~~'',~~ \|date=Desember 2003~~: "~~\|quote=From 1999 to 2002, his company spent almost $10 million on its lobbying operations. It has already poured $200,000 in contributions into the 2004 election, having donated nearly $1.8 million during the 2000 and 2002 campaigns."}} * [{{cite web\|first=Jim\|last=Lobe\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040803175139/http://www.prwatch.org/forum/showthread.php?s=&threadid=3541 \|title=Jim Lobe for ''Asia Times''~~]: "~~\|quote=the structure's most remarkable characteristics are how few people it includes and how adept they have been in creating new institutions and front groups that act as a vast echo chamber for one another and for the media"\|url=http://www.prwatch.org/forum/showthread.php?s=&threadid=3541\|archive-date={{date\|2004-08-03}} }} * ~~Valdis~~{{cite web\|first=Valdis\|last=Krebs~~, "[~~\|url=http://www.orgnet.com/divided.html \|title=Divided We Stand~~],"~~ \|website=Political Echo Chambers}} * {{cite web\|first1=Jonathan S. \|last1=Landay ~~and~~ \|first2=Tish \|last2=Wells~~, [~~\|url=http://www.realcities.com/mld/krwashington/8194211.htm "\|title=Iraqi exile group fed false information to news media~~"],~~ \|website=Knight Ridder, \|date=15 Maret 2004.}} * [{{cite web\|first=R.G.\|last=Keen\|url=http://www.geofex.com/Article_Folders/oil_can_delays.htm ~~R.G. Keen: ''~~\|title=The Technology of Oil Can Delays~~'']~~}} * [http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Echo_chamber Echo chamber] atdi [[SourceWatch]] [[Kategori:Opini masyarakat]]

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