'''Berita palsu''' merujuk pada informasi salah yang dibuat sedemikian rupa sehingga tampak seperti laporan berita yang dapat dipercaya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fake News|url=https://www.esafety.gov.au/young-people/fake-news|website=eSafety Commissioner|access-date=2024-12-18}}</ref> PenelitianKekhawatiran tentangmengenai berita palsu telahmeningkat berkembangsecara pesatsignifikan dalam beberapapada tahun terakhir,2020 dengandi fokustengah padapenyebaran mengapaluas orang percayamisinformasi dan membagikan cerita yang direkayasa,disinformasi<ref>{{Cite journalbook|last=LazerWardle|first=David M. J.Claire|last2date=Baum2018|first2title=MatthewInformation A.|last3=Benkler|first3=Yochai|last4=Berinsky|first4=Adamdisorder: J.|last5=Greenhill|first5=KellyThe M.essential glossary|last6location=Menczer|first6=Filippo|last7=Metzger|first7=MiriamHarvard, J.MA|last8publisher=Nyhan|first8=Brendan|last9=Pennycook|first9=Gordon|date=2018-03-09|title=TheShorenstein scienceCenter ofon fakeMedia, newsPolitics, and Public Policy, Harvard Kennedy School|url-status=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aao2998|journal=Science|volume=359|issue=6380|pages=1094–1096|doi=10.1126/science.aao2998live}}</ref> bagaimanaterkait informasi yang salah diproses secara kognitif,COVID-19<ref>{{Cite journal|last=BronsteinLoomba|first=Michael V.Sahil|last2=Pennycookde Figueiredo|first2=GordonAlexandre|last3=BearPiatek|first3=AdamSimon J.|last4=Randde Graaf|first4=David G.Kristen|last5=CannonLarson|first5=TyroneHeidi DJ.|date=20192021-03|title=BeliefMeasuring inthe Fakeimpact Newsof isCOVID-19 Associatedvaccine withmisinformation Delusionality,on Dogmatism,vaccination Religiousintent Fundamentalism,in andthe ReducedUK Analyticand ThinkingUSA|url=https://linkinghubwww.elseviernature.com/retrievearticles/pii/S2211368118301050s41562-021-01056-1|journal=JournalNature of Applied Research inHuman Memory and CognitionBehaviour|language=en|volume=85|issue=13|pages=108–117337–348|doi=10.10161038/j.jarmac.2018.09.005s41562-021-01056-1|issn=2397-3374}}</ref> dan pemilihan umum AS.<ref>{{Cite journalweb|last=MurphyPennycook|first=GillianGordon|last2=LoftusRand|first2=ElizabethDavid FG.|last3date=Grady2021|first3title=RebeccaExamining Hofstein|last4=Levine|first4=Lindafalse J.|last5=Greene|first5=Ciarabeliefs M.|date=2019-10-01|title=Falseabout Memoriesvoter forfraud Fakein Newsthe Duringwake Ireland’sof Abortionthe 2020 Presidential ReferendumElection|url=https://journalsdash.sagepubharvard.comedu/doibitstream/handle/1/1037367184/pennycook_voter_fraud_elections_20210111.1177/0956797619864887|journalpdf?sequence=Psychological Science|language1&isAllowed=eny|volumewebsite=30The Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review|issue=10|pages=1449–1459|doi=10.1177/0956797619864887|issnaccess-date=09562024-797612-18}}</ref> Berita hiperpartisan dan metodejurnalisme untukkuning mengurangijuga penyebarannyadianggap sebagai faktor yang berkontribusi terhadap polarisasi politik.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lewandowsky|first=Stephan|last2=Ecker|first2=Ullrich K. H.|last3=Seifert|first3=Colleen M.|last4=Schwarz|first4=Norbert|last5=Cook|first5=Johnweb|date=2012-122017-0108|title=MisinformationPARTISANSHIP, andPROPAGANDA, Its& Correction:DISINFORMATION ContinuedOnline InfluenceMedia and& Successfulthe Debiasing2016 U.S. Presidential Election|url=https://journalscyber.sagepubharvard.comedu/doisites/10cyber.harvard.1177edu/1529100612451018files/2017-08_electionES_2.pdf|journalwebsite=PsychologicalBerkman ScienceKlein inCenter thefor PublicInternet Interest& Society at Harvard University|languageaccess-date=en|volume=13|issue=3|pages=106–131|doi=10.1177/1529100612451018|issn=15292024-12-100618}}</ref>
=== Mengapa Seseorang dapat Mempercayai Berita Palsu? ===
Penelitian ini sering berasumsi bahwa paparan berita palsu memiliki konsekuensi negatif yang serius, seringkali menyatakan dampak buruknya terhadap demokrasi dan kesehatan masyarakat. Contoh-contoh di dunia nyata menggambarkan potensi bahaya ini, seperti kekerasan di India yang dipicu oleh rumor WhatsApp<ref>{{Cite news|last=McLaughlin|first=Timothy|title=How WhatsApp Fuels Fake News and Violence in India|url=https://www.wired.com/story/how-whatsapp-fuels-fake-news-and-violence-in-india/|newspaper=Wired|language=en-US|issn=1059-1028|access-date=2024-12-18}}</ref> dan insiden "Pizzagate" di AS, di mana informasi yang salah secara daring menyebabkan ancaman di dunia nyata.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Robb|first=Amanda|date=2017-11-16|title=Pizzagate: Anatomy of a Fake News Scandal|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/feature/anatomy-of-a-fake-news-scandal-125877/|website=Rolling Stone|language=en-US|access-date=2024-12-18}}</ref> Lebih lanjut, kampanye disinformasi skala besar telah berdampak nyata pada perilaku kesehatan, dengan penurunan tingkat vaksinasi MMR dikaitkan dengan klaim palsu yang menghubungkan vaksin MMR dengan diagnosis autisme.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Leask|first=Julie|last2=Booy|first2=Robert|last3=McIntyre|first3=Peter B|date=2010|title=MMR, Wakefield and The Lancet: what can we learn?|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.5694/j.1326-5377.2010.tb03730.x|journal=Medical Journal of Australia|language=en|volume=193|issue=1|pages=5–7|doi=10.5694/j.1326-5377.2010.tb03730.x|issn=1326-5377}}</ref>▼
Penelitian tentang berita palsu telah berkembang pesat dalam beberapa tahun terakhir, dengan fokus pada mengapa orang percaya dan membagikan cerita yang direkayasa,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lazer|first=David M. J.|last2=Baum|first2=Matthew A.|last3=Benkler|first3=Yochai|last4=Berinsky|first4=Adam J.|last5=Greenhill|first5=Kelly M.|last6=Menczer|first6=Filippo|last7=Metzger|first7=Miriam J.|last8=Nyhan|first8=Brendan|last9=Pennycook|first9=Gordon|date=2018-03-09|title=The science of fake news|url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aao2998|journal=Science|volume=359|issue=6380|pages=1094–1096|doi=10.1126/science.aao2998}}</ref> bagaimana informasi yang salah diproses secara kognitif,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bronstein|first=Michael V.|last2=Pennycook|first2=Gordon|last3=Bear|first3=Adam|last4=Rand|first4=David G.|last5=Cannon|first5=Tyrone D.|date=2019-03|title=Belief in Fake News is Associated with Delusionality, Dogmatism, Religious Fundamentalism, and Reduced Analytic Thinking|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2211368118301050|journal=Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition|language=en|volume=8|issue=1|pages=108–117|doi=10.1016/j.jarmac.2018.09.005}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Murphy|first=Gillian|last2=Loftus|first2=Elizabeth F.|last3=Grady|first3=Rebecca Hofstein|last4=Levine|first4=Linda J.|last5=Greene|first5=Ciara M.|date=2019-10-01|title=False Memories for Fake News During Ireland’s Abortion Referendum|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0956797619864887|journal=Psychological Science|language=en|volume=30|issue=10|pages=1449–1459|doi=10.1177/0956797619864887|issn=0956-7976}}</ref> dan metode untuk mengurangi penyebarannya.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lewandowsky|first=Stephan|last2=Ecker|first2=Ullrich K. H.|last3=Seifert|first3=Colleen M.|last4=Schwarz|first4=Norbert|last5=Cook|first5=John|date=2012-12-01|title=Misinformation and Its Correction: Continued Influence and Successful Debiasing|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1529100612451018|journal=Psychological Science in the Public Interest|language=en|volume=13|issue=3|pages=106–131|doi=10.1177/1529100612451018|issn=1529-1006}}</ref>
▲Penelitian-penelitian iniyang ada sering berasumsi bahwa paparan berita palsu memiliki konsekuensi negatif yang serius, serta seringkali menyatakan dampak buruknya terhadap demokrasi dan kesehatan masyarakat. Contoh-contoh di dunia nyata menggambarkan potensi bahaya ini, seperti kekerasan di India yang dipicu oleh rumor WhatsApp<ref>{{Cite news|last=McLaughlin|first=Timothy|title=How WhatsApp Fuels Fake News and Violence in India|url=https://www.wired.com/story/how-whatsapp-fuels-fake-news-and-violence-in-india/|newspaper=Wired|language=en-US|issn=1059-1028|access-date=2024-12-18}}</ref> dan insiden "Pizzagate" di AS, di mana informasi yang salah secara daring menyebabkan ancaman di dunia nyata.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Robb|first=Amanda|date=2017-11-16|title=Pizzagate: Anatomy of a Fake News Scandal|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/feature/anatomy-of-a-fake-news-scandal-125877/|website=Rolling Stone|language=en-US|access-date=2024-12-18}}</ref> Lebih lanjut, kampanye disinformasi skala besar telah berdampak nyata pada perilaku kesehatan, dengan penurunan tingkat vaksinasi MMR dikaitkan dengan klaim palsu yang menghubungkan vaksin MMR dengan diagnosis autisme.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Leask|first=Julie|last2=Booy|first2=Robert|last3=McIntyre|first3=Peter B|date=2010|title=MMR, Wakefield and The Lancet: what can we learn?|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.5694/j.1326-5377.2010.tb03730.x|journal=Medical Journal of Australia|language=en|volume=193|issue=1|pages=5–7|doi=10.5694/j.1326-5377.2010.tb03730.x|issn=1326-5377}}</ref>
