Perang Korea: Perbedaan antara revisi
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Sekutu Korea Utara termasuk Republik Rakyat Tiongkok, yang menyediakan kekuatan militer, dan [[Uni Soviet]] yang menyediakan [[penasehat perang]] dan pilot pesawat, dan juga persenjataan, untuk pasukan China dan Korea Utara. Di Amerika Serikat konflik ini diistilahkan sebagai [[aksi polisi]] ('''Konflik Korea''') di bawah bendera PBB dari pada sebuah perang, dikarenakan untuk menghilangkan keperluan Kongres mengumumkan perang.
==Latar belakang==
===Terminologi===
Di Amerika Serikat, perang ini secara resmi dideskripsikan sebagai [[tindakan polisi]] (''police action'') karena tidak adanya [[Deklarasi perang oleh Amerika Serikat|deklarasi perang resmi dari Kongres AS]]. Dalam bahasa sehari-hari, perang ini juga sering disebut '''The Forgotten War''' ("perang yang terlupakan") dan '''The Unknown War''' ("perang yang tidak diketahui") karena dianggap sebagai urusan [[PBB]], berakhir buntu (''stalemate''), sedikitnya korban dari pihak AS, dan kurang jelasnya isu-isu menjadi penyebab perang ini, bila dibandingkan dengan [[Perang Vietnam
]] dan [[Perang Dunia ke-2]].<ref>{{cite web | title =Remembering the Forgotten War: Korea, 1950-1953 | publisher =Naval Historical Center | url =http://www.history.navy.mil/ac/korea/korea1.htm | accessdate =2007-08-16 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title= [[The Coldest Winter: America and the Korean War]]|last= Halberstam|first= David|authorlink= David Halberstam|year= 2007|publisher= [[Disney Hyperion]]|location= New York|isbn= 978-1-4013-0052-4|page= 2|quote= Over half a century later, the war still remained largely outside American political and cultural consciousness. ''The Forgotten War'' was the apt title of one of the bestbooks on it. Korea was a war that sometimes seemed to have been orphaned by history.}}</ref>
Di Korea Selatan, perang ini biasa disebut sebagai Perang 6-2-5 (''yuk-i-o jeonjaeng'') yang mencerminkan tanggal dimulainya perang pada 25 Juni.
Di Korea Utara, perang ini secara resmi disebut Choguk haebang chǒnjaeng ("perang pembebasan tanah air"). Perang ini juga disebut [[Joseon|Chosǒn]] chǒnjaeng ("Perang Joseo", Joseon adalah sebutan Korea Utara untuk tanah Korea).
Di [[Republik Rakyat Cina]], perang ini secara resmi disebut ''[[Joseon|Chao Xian]] Zhan Zheng'' (Perang Korea). kata "Chao Xian" merujuk ke Korea pada umumnya, dan secara resmi Korea Utara.
Istilah ''Perang Korea'' juga dapat menyatakan pertempuran sebelum invasi maupun setelah gencatan senjata dilakukan.<ref name="AMH">{{cite web | title =The Korean War, 1950–1953 (an extract from American Military History, Volume 2—revised 2005) | url =http://www.army.mil/cmh-pg/books/AMH-V2/AMH%20V2/chapter8.htm | accessdate =2007-08-20 }}</ref>
===Pendudukan Jepang (1910–1945)===
{{Main|Korea under Japanese rule}}
Setelah mengalahkan [[Dinasti Qing]] Cina pada [[Perang Sino-Jepang Pertama]] (1894–96), [[Kekaisaran Jepang]] menduduki [[Kekaisaran Korea]] (1897–1910) yang dipimpin oleh [[Emperor Gojong]].<ref name="Stokesbury1990"/> Satu dekade kemudian, saat mengalahkan [[Kekaisaran Russia]] pada [[Perang Russo-Jepang]] (1904–05), Jepang menjadikan Korea sebagai [[protektorat]]-nya melalui [[Perjanjian Eulsa]] di tahun 1905, kemudian menganeksasinya melalui [[Perjanjian Aneksasi Jepang-Korea]] di tahun 1910.<ref name="FirstYear">{{cite web | last =James F | first =Schnabel | title = United States Army in the Korean War, Policy and Direction: The First Year | url =http://www.history.army.mil/books/P&D.HTM | pages =3, 18 | accessdate = 2007-08-19 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title =Treaty of Annexation (Annexation of Korea by Japan) | publisher = USC-UCLA Joint East Asian Studies Center | url = http://www.isop.ucla.edu/eas/documents/kore1910.htm | accessdate = 2007-08-19 }}</ref>
—
Sejak saat itu banyak [[Nasionalis Korea]] dan kaum [[intelektual]] yang melarikan diri. Beberapa dari mereka membentuk Pemerintahan Sementara Korea, dipimpin oleh [[Syngman Rhee]], di [[Shanghai]] pada tahun 1919, dan menjadi "pemerintahan di pengasingan" (''government-in-exile'') yang hanya diakui oleh sedikit negara. Pada tahun 1919 hingga 1925, [[komunis]] Korea memulai pemberontakannya terhadap Jepang.<ref name="Stokesbury1990">{{cite book |title= A Short History of the Korean War|last=Stokesbury |first= James L|year= 1990|publisher=Harper Perennial |location= New York|isbn= 0688095135}}</ref>{{rp|23}}<ref name="World War II 1995 p.516">''The Oxford Companion to World War II'' (1995) p. 516.</ref>
[[Korea di bawah pendudukan Jepang]] dianggap sebagai bagian dari [[Kekaisaran Jepang]] bersama dengan Taiwan, yang merupakan bagian dari [[Kawasan Kemakmuran Bersama Asia Timur Raya]]; pada tahun 1937, Gubernur-Jenderal koloni, Jenderal [[Minami Jiro]], memerintahkan dilakukannya [[asimilasi budaya]] Jepang terhadap 23,5 juta penduduk koloni dengan melarang bahasa, literatur, dan budaya Korea, dan menggantinya dengan budaya Jepang, serta memerintahkan orang Korea mengganti nama mereka menjadi nama Jepang. Pada tahun 1938, pemerintahan kolonial menjalankan sistem [[kerja paksa]]; hingga 1939, 2,6 juta orang Korea bekerja di luar negeri sebagai [[tenaga kerja paksa]]; pada 1942, pria-pria di Korea dipaksa menjadi tentara Jepang.
Sementara itu di Cina
Meanwhile, in China, the nationalist [[National Revolutionary Army]] and the Communist [[People's Liberation Army]] organized the (right-wing and left-wing) refugee Korean patriots. The Nationalists, led by [[Yi Pom-Sok]], fought in the [[Burma Campaign]] (December 1941 – August 1945). The communists, led by [[Kim Il-sung]], fought the Japanese in Korea.
During [[World War II]], Japanese utilized Korea's food, livestock, and metals for the [[war effort]]. Japanese forces in Korea increased from 46,000 (1941) to 300,000 (1945) soldiers. Japanese Korea conscripted 2.6 million forced laborers controlled with a [[collaborationism|collaborationist]] Korean police force; some 723,000 people had been sent to work in the overseas empire and in metropolitan Japan. By January 1945, Koreans were 32% of Japan’s labor force; in August 1945, when the US dropped an [[atomic bomb on Hiroshima]], they were about 25% of the people killed.<ref name="World War II 1995 p.516"/> Japanese rule in Korea and Taiwan was not recognized by other world powers at the end of the war.
The US-Soviet division of Korea excluded the Koreans—who were represented by US Army colonels [[Dean Rusk]] and [[Charles Bonesteel]].<ref name="McCullough">{{cite book | last =McCullough | first =David | title = Truman | publisher =Simon & Schuster Paperbacks |year=1992 | pages =785, 786 | isbn =0671869205 }}</ref> Two years earlier, at the [[Cairo Conference]] (November 1943), Nationalist China, the UK, and the USA decided that Korea should become independent, “in due course”; Stalin concurred. In February 1945, at the [[Yalta Conference]], the Allies failed to establish the Korean trusteeship first discussed in 1943 by U.S. President Roosevelt and UK Prime Minister [[Winston Churchill]].
Per the US-Soviet agreement, the USSR declared war against Japan on 9 August 1945, and, by 10 August, the [[Red Army]] occupied the Korean north, via amphibious landings north of the 38th parallel and its Twenty-Fifth Army entering from Manchuria, China.<ref name="World War II 1995 p.516"/><ref>R. Whelan ''Drawing the Line: the Korean War 1950–53''; London (1990) p. 22.</ref> Some three weeks later, on 8 September 1945, Lt. Gen. [[John R. Hodge]], USA, arrived in [[Incheon]] to accept the Japanese surrender south of the 38th parallel.<ref name="Appleman">{{cite book | last =Appleman | first =Roy E | title =South to the Naktong, North to the Yalu | publisher =Dept. of the Army |year=1998 | pages =3, 15, 381, 545, 771, 719 | url =http://www.army.mil/cmh/books/korea/20-2-1/toc.htm | isbn =0160019184 }}</ref>
===Korea divided (1945)===
At the [[Potsdam Conference]] (July–August 1945), the Allies unilaterally decided to divide Korea—without consulting the Koreans—in contradiction of the [[Cairo Conference]] (November 1943) where [[Winston Churchill|Churchill]], [[Chiang Kai-shek]], and [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] declared that Korea would be a free nation and an independent country.<ref name="Stokesbury1990"/><ref name="Stokesbury1990"/><ref name="Stokesbury1990"/>{{rp|24}}<ref name="Appleman" />{{rp|24-25}}<ref name="Cumings1">{{cite book | last =Cumings | first =Bruce | authorlink =Bruce Cumings | title =Origins of the Korean War | publisher =Princeton University Press |year= 1981| pages =chapter 4 | isbn =89-7696-612-0 | nopp =true }}</ref>{{rp|25}}<ref>{{cite book |title= Rogue Regime: Kim Jong Il and the Looming Threat of North Korea|last=Becker |first= Jasper|year= 2005|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA |location= New York|isbn= 019517044X|page= 52}}</ref> Moreover, the earlier [[Yalta Conference]] (February 1945) granted to [[Joseph Stalin]] European "buffer zones"—[[satellite state]]s accountable to Moscow- as well as an expected [[Soviet]] pre-eminence in [[China]] and [[Manchuria]],<ref name="Goulden17">{{cite book | last =Goulden | first =Joseph C | title = Korea: The Untold Story of the War | publisher =McGraw-Hill |year=1983 | page =17 | isbn =0070235805 }}</ref> as reward for joining the US [[Pacific war]] effort against [[Japan]].<ref name ="Goulden17" />
By 10 August, the [[Red Army]] occupied the northern part of the peninsula as agreed, and on 26 August halted at the [[38th parallel north|38th parallel]] for three weeks to await the arrival of US forces in the south.<ref name="Stokesbury1990"/>{{rp|25}}<ref name="Stokesbury1990"/>{{rp|24}}
On 10 August 1945, with the 15 August [[Surrender of Japan|Japanese surrender]] near, the Americans were in doubt that the Soviets would honor their part of the '''Joint Commission''', the US-sponsored [[Korean occupation]] agreement. A month earlier, to fulfill the politico-military requirements of the US, Colonel [[Dean Rusk]] and Colonel [[Charles Bonesteel III]], divided the Korean peninsula at the 38th parallel after hurriedly deciding (in thirty minutes), that the '''US Korean Zone of Occupation''' had to have a minimum of two ports.<ref name="Appleman"/><ref>{{Citation | last =McCune | first =Shannon C | title =Physical Basis for Korean Boundaries | journal =Far Eastern Quarterly | volume =May 1946 | issue = No. 5 | pages =286–7 |date=1946-05 }}</ref><ref>{{Citation | last = Grajdanzev | first =Andrew | title =Korean Divided | journal =Far Eastern Survey | volume =XIV | page =282 |date=1945-10 }}.</ref><ref>{{Citation | last =Grajdanzev | first =Andrew | title =History of Occupation of Korea | volume =I | issue =ch. 4 | page =16 }}.</ref> Explaining why the occupation zone demarcation (38th parallel) was ''so far south'', Rusk observed, “even though it was further north than could be realistically reached by US forces, in the event of Soviet disagreement ... we felt it important to include the capital of Korea in the area of responsibility of American troops”, especially when “faced with the scarcity of US forces immediately available, and time and space factors, which would make it difficult to reach very far north, before Soviet troops could enter the area.”<ref name="Goulden17"/> The Soviets agreed to the US occupation zone demarcation, to improve Soviet [[Eastern Europe]]an-occupation negotiation-leverage, and because each would accept Japanese surrender where they stood.<ref name="Stokesbury1990"/>{{rp|25}}
As the [[military governor]], General [[John R. Hodge]] directly controlled South Korea via the [[United States Army Military Government in Korea]] (USAMGIK 1945–48).<ref name="Stokesbury2007">{{cite book |title= [[The Coldest Winter: America and the Korean War]]|last= Halberstam|first= David|authorlink= David Halberstam|year= 2007|publisher= [[Disney Hyperion]]|location= New York|isbn= 978-1-4013-0052-4}}</ref>{{rp|63}} He established control by first restoring to power the key Japanese colonial administrators and their Korean and police [[collaborationism|collaborators]],<ref name ="TruceTent" /> and second, by refusing the USAMGIK’s official recognition of the [[People's Republic of Korea]] (PRK) (August–September 1945), the provisional government (agreed with the Japanese Army) with which the Koreans had been governing themselves and the peninsula—because he suspected it was [[communist]]. These US policies, voiding popular Korean sovereignty, provoked the civil insurrections and guerrilla warfare preceding, then constituting, the [[Korean civil war]].<ref name="FirstYear"/> On 3 September 1945, Lieutenant General [[Yoshio Kozuki]], Commander, [[Japanese 17th Area Army]] , contacted Hodge, telling him that the Soviets were ''south of the 38th parallel'' at [[Kaesong]]. Hodge trusted the accuracy of the [[Japanese Army]] report.<ref name = "Appleman" />
In December 1945, Korea was administered by the [[US–USSR Joint Commission]], agreed at the [[Moscow Conference of Foreign Ministers]] (October 1945). Again excluding the Koreans, the commission decided the country would become independent after a five-year [[trust]]eeship—action facilitated by each régime sharing its sponsor's [[ideology]].<ref name="Stokesbury1990"/>{{rp|25-26}}<ref>{{cite book |title= Rogue Regime: Kim Jong Il and the Looming Threat of North Korea|last=Becker |first= Jasper|year= 2005|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA |location= New York|isbn= 019517044X|page= 53}}</ref> The incensed Korean populace revolted; in the South, some protested, some rose in arms;<ref name="FirstYear" /> to contain them, the USAMGIK banned [[strike]]s (8 December 1945) and outlawed the PRK Revolutionary Government and the PRK People's Committees on 12 December 1945.
This suppression of sovereignty provoked an 8,000-railroad-worker strike on 23 September 1946 in [[Pusan]], political action which quickly extended throughout US-controlled Korea; the USAMGIK had lost civil control. On 1 October 1946, [[Korean police]] killed three students in the “[[Daegu Uprising]]”; people counter-attacked, killing 38 policemen. Likewise, on 3 October, some 10,000 people attacked the [[Yeongcheon]] police station, killing three policemen and injuring some 40 more; elsewhere, populaces killed some 20 landlords and pro-Japanese South Korean officials.<ref name="Cumings1">{{cite book | last =Cumings | first =Bruce | authorlink =Bruce Cumings | title =Origins of the Korean War | publisher =Princeton University Press |year= 1981| pages =ch. 3, 4 | isbn =89-7696-612-0 }}</ref> The USAMGIK declared [[martial law]] to control South Korea; in controlling the Koreans with Japanese colonial administrators and Korean collaborators, the US discredited its declarations of a “Free Korea”.{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}}
The [[right-wing]] [[Representative Democratic Council]], led by nationalist [[Syngman Rhee]], opposed the Soviet–American trusteeship of Korea, arguing that after thirty-five years (1910–45) of Japanese [[colonialism|colonial rule]]—''foreign rule''—most Koreans opposed another foreign rule, i.e. US and Soviet. Gaining advantage from the native political temper, the US quit the Soviet-supported [[Moscow Accords]]—and, using the 31 March 1948 [[United Nations]] election deadline to achieve a [[anti-communist]] civil government in the US Korean Zone of Occupation—convoked national general elections that the Soviets opposed, then boycotted, insisting that the US honor the Moscow Accords.<ref name="Stokesbury1990"/>{{rp|26}}<ref>{{cite news |first= |last= |coauthors= |title= For Freedom|curly=y |work= TIME|page= |date= 20 May 1946|accessdate=2008-12-10|quote= Rightist groups in the American zone, loosely amalgamated in the Representative Democratic Council under elder statesman Syngman Rhee, protested heatedly ...|url= http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,792877-1,00.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://myhome.shinbiro.com/~mss1/failure.html|title= The Failure of Trusteeship|accessdate=2008-12-10 |work= infoKorea|publisher= |date= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.mcn.org/e/iii/politics/asian_war/korea_truman_notes.html|title= Korea Notes from Memoirs by Harry S. Truman|accessdate=2008-12-10 |work= The US War Against Asia (notes)|publisher=III Publishing |date= |quote=U.S. proposed general elections (U.S. style) but Russia insisted on Moscow Agreement. }}</ref>
The resultant anti-communist South Korean government promulgated a national political constitution (17 July 1948) elected a president, the American-educated [[strongman (politics)|strongman]] Syngman Rhee (20 July 1948), and established the [[South Korea|Republic of South Korea]] on 15 August 1948.<ref name = "MacroHistory">{{cite web | title =The Korean War, The US and Soviet Union in Korea | publisher =MacroHistory | url = http://www.fsmitha.com/h2/ch24kor.html | accessdate =2007-08-19 }}</ref> Likewise, in the Russian Korean Zone of Occupation, the USSR established a [[Communism|Communist]] North Korean government<ref name="Stokesbury1990"/>{{rp|26}} led by [[Kim Il-sung]].<ref name = "AMH" /> Moreover, President Rhee's régime expelled communists and [[leftist]]s from southern national politics. Disenfranchised, they headed for the hills, to prepare guerrilla war against the US-sponsored ROK Government.<ref name = "AMH" />
As [[Korean nationalism|nationalists]], both Syngman Rhee and Kim Il-Sung were intent upon reunifying Korea under their own political system.<ref name="Stokesbury1990"/>{{rp|27}} Partly because they were the better-armed, the North Koreans could escalate the continual border skirmishes and raids, and then invade—with proper provocation—whereas South Korea, with limited US material could not match them.<ref name="Stokesbury1990"/>{{rp|27}} During this era of the beginning [[Cold War]], the US government acted as if all communists—regardless of nationality—constituted a [[Communist bloc]] controlled or at least directly influenced from Moscow; thus the US portrayed the [[civil war]] in Korea as a Soviet [[hegemony|hegemonic]] maneuver.
U.S. troops withdrew from Korea in 1949,<ref>{{cite web |url= http://homepages.stmartin.edu/fac_staff/rlangill/PLS%20310/Korea%201949-Isaac.htm|title= Korea 1949-1953|author= Langill, Richard|date= |work= |publisher= |accessdate=7 November 2009 }}</ref> leaving the South Korean army relatively ill-equipped. Meanwhile, the Soviet Union sent large amounts of military aid to North Korea to facilitate the invasion planned by Kim Il-Sung.
== Keterlibatan Republik Rakyat Cina ==
Republik Rakyat Cina baru terlibat secara langsung dalam perang ini pada bulan [[Oktober]] [[1950]]. Ini terutama dikarenakan pemerintah [[Beijing]] kuatir bahwa pasukan Amerika Serikat akan mempergunakan kesempatan menduduki Korea Utara untuk kemudian menyerang provinsi-provinsi di timur laut [[Cina]]. Di samping itu, faktor lainnya adalah dukungan [[Stalin]] kepada [[Republik Rakyat Cina|RRC]] untuk terlibat dalam perang Korea ini
== Akhir perang ==
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