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[[Berkas:Dewaruci.jpg|thumb|300px|right|[[KRI Dewaruci]], sebuah jenis [[kapal layar]] milik [[TNI Angkatan Laut]]]]
'''Kapal''', adalah ''kendaraan pengangkut penumpang dan barang di laut (sungai dsb)''<ref>[http://pusatbahasa.diknas.go.id/kbbi/index.php KBBI dalam jaringan]</ref> seperti halnya [[sampan]] atau [[perahu]] yang lebih kecil. Kapal biasanya cukup besar untuk membawa [[perahu]] kecil seperti [[sekoci]]. Sedangkan dalam istilah [[Bahasa Inggris|inggris]], dipisahkan antara ''[[:en:ship|ship]]'' yang lebih besar dan ''[[:en:boat|boat]]'' yang lebih kecil. Secara kebiasaannya kapal dapat membawa perahu tetapi perahu tidak dapat membawa kapal. Ukuran sebenarnya dimana sebuah perahu disebut kapal selalu ditetapkan oleh undang-undang dan peraturan atau kebiasaan setempat.
Berabad-abad kapal digunakan oleh manusia untuk mengarungi sungai atau lautan yang diawali oleh penemuan perahu. Biasanya manusia pada masa lampau menggunakan [[kano]], [[rakit]] ataupun perahu, semakin besar kebutuhan akan daya muat maka dibuatlah perahu atau rakit yang berukuran lebih besar yang dinamakan kapal. Bahan-bahan yang digunakan untuk pembuatan kapal pada masa lampau menggunakan kayu, bambu ataupun batang-batang papirus seperti yang digunakan bangsa mesir kuno kemudian digunakan bahan bahan logam seperti besi/baja karena kebutuhan manusia akan kapal yang kuat. Untuk penggeraknya manusia pada awalnya menggunakan [[dayung]] kemudian angin dengan bantuan layar, [[mesin uap]] setelah muncul revolusi Industri dan mesin diesel serta Nuklir. Beberapa penelitian memunculkan kapal bermesin yang berjalan mengambang diatas air seperti [[Hovercraft]] dan Eakroplane. Serta kapal yang digunakan di dasar lautan yakni [[kapal selam]].
Berabad abad kapal digunakan untuk mengangkut penumpang dan barang sampai akhirnya pada awal [[abad ke-20]] ditemukan [[pesawat terbang]] yang mampu mengangkut barang dan penumpang dalam waktu singkat maka kapal pun mendapat saingan berat. Namun untuk kapal masih memiliki keunggulan yakni mampu mengangkut barang dengan tonase yang lebih besar sehingga lebih banyak didominasi [[kapal niaga]] dan tanker sedangkan [[kapal penumpang]] banyak dialihkan menjadi [[kapal pesiar]] seperti Queen Elizabeth dan Awani Dream.
== Sejarah ==
=== Pra-sejarah ===
[[Berkas:Floss.jpg|left|thumb|Rakit merupakan desain perahu yang paling sederhana.]]
Sejarah kapal sejalan dengan petualangan manusia. Perahu yang dikenal pertama kali dikenala pada masa [[Neolitikum]], sekitar 10.000 tahun yang lalu. Kapal-kapal awal ini memiliki fungsi yang terbatas: mereka dapat bergerak di atas air, tapi hanya itu. Terutama digunakan untuk [[berburu]] dan [[memancing]]. [[Kano]] tertua yang ditemukan [[arkeolog]] sering dibuat dari batang [[Tumbuhan runjung|pohon coniferous]], menggunakan peralatan batu sederhana.
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Sekitar 5.000 tahun yang lalu, orang yang berdiam dekat Kongens Lyngby di Denmark menemukan bahwa
sekitar 5,000 tahun lalu, orang tinggal dekat [[Kongens Lyngby]] di Denmark invented the segregated hull, which allowed the size of boats to gradually be increased. Boats soon developed into [[keel boat]]s similar to today's wooden [[pleasure craft]].
At about the same time, the first navigators began to use animal skins or woven fabrics as [[sail]]s. Affixed to the top of a pole set vertically in a boat, these sails gave early ships great range. This allowed man to explore widely, allowing, for example the settlement of [[Oceania]] about 3,000 years ago.
note:this article needs historic info added!
The [[ancient Egypt]]ians were perfectly at ease building sailboats. A remarkable example of their [[shipbuilding]] skills was the [[Khufu ship]], a vessel {{convert|143|ft|m}} in length entombed at the foot of the [[Great Pyramid of Giza]] around 2,500 BC and found intact in 1954. According to [[Herodotus]], the Egyptians made the first circumnavigation of Africa around 600 BC.
The [[Phoenician]]s and [[Ancient Greece|Greeks]] gradually mastered navigation at sea aboard [[trireme]]s, exploring and colonizing the [[Mediterranean]] via ship. Around 340 BC, the Greek [[navigator]] [[Pytheas of Massalia]] ventured from Greece to [[Western Europe]] and the [[British Isles]].<ref name="eb703">Chisholm, 1911:703.</ref>
Before the introduction of the compass, [[celestial navigation]] was the main method for navigation at sea. In China, early versions of the [[magnetic compass]] were being developed and used in navigation between [[1040]] and [[1117]].<ref>Li Shu-hua, “Origine de la Boussole 11. Aimant et Boussole,” ''Isis'', Vol. 45, No. 2. (Jul., 1954), p.181</ref> The true mariner's compass, using a pivoting needle in a dry box, was invented in Europe no later than 1300.<ref>Frederic C. Lane, “The Economic Meaning of the Invention of the Compass,” ''The American Historical Review'', Vol. 68, No. 3. (Apr., 1963), p.615ff.</ref><ref name="eb284">Chisholm, 1911:284.</ref>-->
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===Through the Renaissance===
[[Berkas:Santa-Maria.jpg|thumb|right|The [[carrack]] [[Santa María (ship)|''Santa María'']] of [[Christopher Columbus]]]]
Until the [[Renaissance]], navigational technology remained comparatively primitive. This absence of technology didn't prevent some civilizations from becoming sea powers. Examples include the maritime republics of [[Republic of Genoa|Genoa]] and [[Republic of Venice|Venice]], and the [[Byzantine navy]]. The [[Viking]]s used their [[knarr]]s to explore [[North America]], trade in the [[Baltic Sea]] and plunder many of the coastal regions of Western Europe.
Towards the end of the fourteenth century, ships like the [[carrack]] began to develop towers on the bow and stern. These towers decreased the vessel's stability, and in the fifteenth century, [[caravel]]s became more widely used. The towers were gradually replaced by the [[forecastle]] and [[stern]]castle, as in the carrack [[Santa María (ship)|''Santa María'']] of [[Christopher Columbus]]. This increased [[freeboard]] allowed another innovation: the freeing port, and the artillery associated with it.
In the sixteenth century, the use of freeboard and freeing ports become widespread on [[galleon]]s. The English modified their vessels to maximize their firepower and demonstrated the effectiveness of their doctrine, in 1588, by defeating the [[Spanish Armada]].
[[Berkas:Atakebune2.jpg|thumb|right|A Japanese [[atakebune]] from the 16th century]]At this time, ships were developing in Asia in much the same way as Europe. [[Japan]] used defensive naval techniques in the [[Mongol invasions of Japan]] in [[1281]]. It is likely that the Mongols of the time took advantage of both European and Asian shipbuilding techniques. In Japan, during the [[Sengoku era]] from the fifteenth to seventeenth century, the great struggle for feudal supremacy was fought, in part, by coastal fleets of several hundred boats, including the [[atakebune]].
Fifty years before Christopher Columbus, Chinese navigator [[Zheng He]] traveled the world at the head of what was for the time a huge armada. The largest of his ships had nine masts, were {{convert|130|m|ft}} long and had a beam of {{convert|55|m|ft}}. His fleet carried 30,000 men aboard 70 vessels, with the goal of bringing glory to the Chinese emperor.
===Specialization and modernization===
[[Berkas:Redoutable.jpg|thumb|right|The British ''[[HMS Temeraire (1798)|Temeraire]]'' and French ships ''[[French ship Redoutable (1791)|Redoutable]]'' and ''[[French ship Bucentaure (1804)|Bucentaure]]'' at the [[Battle of Trafalgar]]]]
Parallel to the development of warships, ships in service of marine fishery and trade also developed in the period between antiquity and the Renaissance. Still primarily a coastal endeavor, fishing is largely practiced by individuals --><!---there has to be a better way to say this!--><!--with little other money using small boats.
Maritime trade was driven by the development of shipping companies with significant financial resources. Canal barges, towed by draft animals on an adjacent [[towpath]], contended with the [[railway]] up to and past the early days of the [[industrial revolution]]. Flat-bottomed and flexible [[scow]] boats also became widely used for transporting small cargoes. Mercantile trade went hand-in-hand with exploration, which is self-financing by the commercial benefits of exploration.
During the first half of the eighteenth century, the [[French Navy]] began to develop a new type of vessel, featuring seventy-four guns. This type of ship became the backbone of all European fighting fleets. These ships were {{convert|56|m|ft}} long and their construction required 2,800 oak trees and {{convert|40|km|mi}} of rope; they carried a crew of about 800 sailors and soldiers.
[[Berkas:Yacht and tugboat.jpg|thumb|left|A small [[pleasure boat]] and a [[tugboat]] in [[Rotterdam]]]]
Ship designs stayed fairly unchanged until the late nineteenth century. The industrial revolution, new mechanical methods of propulsion, and the ability to construct ships from metal triggered an explosion in ship design. Factors including the quest for more efficient ships, the end of long running and wasteful maritime conflicts, and the increased financial capacity of industrial powers created an avalanche of more specialized boats and ships. Ships built for entirely new functions, such as firefighting, rescue, and research, also began to appear.
In light of this, classification of vessels by type or function can be difficult. Even using very broad functional classifications such as fishery, trade, military, and exploration fails to classify most of the old ships. This difficulty is increased by the fact that the terms such as sloop and frigate are used by old and new ships alike, and often the modern vessels sometimes have little in common with their predecessors.
===Today===
Boats and ships remain essential tools for [[international trade|international]] and [[domestic trade]], [[national security]] and cultural purposes.
In 2007, the world's fleet included 34,882 commercial vessels with [[gross tonnage]] of more than 1,000 [[ton (volume)|tons]], totaling 1.04 billion tons. These ships carried 7.4 billion tons of cargo in 2006, a sum that grew by 8% over the previous year. In terms of tonnage, 37.5% of these ships are [[tanker (ship)|tanker]]s, 35.8% are [[bulk carrier]]s, 10.9% [[container ships]] and 10.3% [[general cargo ship]]s.
In 2002, there were 1,240 [[warship]]s operating in the world, not counting small vessels such as [[patrol boat]]s. --><!--Adding total tonnage before this next sentence would make it clearer!--><!--The [[United States]] accounted for 3 million tons worth of these vessels, [[Russia]] 1.35 million tons, the [[United Kingdom]] 504,660 tons and [[China]] 402,830 tons. The twentieth century saw many naval engagements during the two [[world war]]s, the [[Cold War]], and the rise to power of naval forces of the two blocs. The world's major powers have recently used their naval power in cases such as the [[United Kingdom]] in the [[Falkland Islands]] and the [[United States]] in [[Iraq]].
[[Berkas:Fuglafjordur fishing boats, Faroe Islands.JPG|thumb|right|The harbor at [[Fuglafjørður]], [[Faroe Islands]] shows seven typical [[Faroe boat]]s used for fishing.]]-->
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The size of the world's [[fishing fleet]] is more difficult to estimate. The largest of these are counted as commercial vessels, but the smallest are legion. [[Fishing vessel]]s can be found in most seaside villages in the world. In 1997, the United Nations [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] identified 2.285 million fishing vessels worldwide. An estimated 132.2 million tonnes of fish and shellfish were produced in 2003. In 1990, 29 million fishermen were active in the world.-->
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== Nama-nama bagian kapal==
There is no universal rule to distinguish a ship from a boat. Usually, ships are larger than boats. A commonly used [[rule of thumb]] is that if one vessel can carry another, the larger of the two is a ship. As [[dinghy|dinghies]] are common on [[sailing yacht]]s as small as {{convert|35|ft|m}}, this rule of thumb is not foolproof.
A number of large vessels are traditionally referred to as boats. [[Submarine]]s are a prime example. Other types of large vessels which are traditionally called boats are the [[lake freighter|Great Lakes freighter]], the [[riverboat]], and the [[ferryboat]]. Though large enough to carry their own boats and heavy cargoes, these vessels are designed for operation on inland or protected coastal waters. However referring to ships as 'boats' is more an American tradition than that followed in 'British' style Merchant Navies.-->
== Navigasi ==
[[Berkas:ship diagram-numbers.svg|thumb|right|Bagian-bagian utama kapal. '''1''': [[Smokestack]] atau [[Cerobong]]; '''2''': [[Buritan]]; '''3''': [[Propeler]] dan [[Kemudi]]; '''4''': [[Portside]] (sebelah [[kanan]] dikenal dengan nama [[starboard]]); '''5''': [[Jangkar]]; '''6''': [[Bulbous bow]]; '''7''': [[Haluan]]; '''8''': [[Geladak]]; '''9''': [[Anjungan]]|300px]]
Untuk menentukan arah, pada masa lalu kapal berlayar tidak jauh dari benua atau daratan. Namun sesuai dengan perkembangan akhirnya para awak kapal menggunakan bintang sebagai alat bantu [[navigasi]] dengan alat bantu berupa [[kompas]] dan astrolabe serta peta. Ditemukannya [[jam pasir]] oleh orang-orang Arab juga ikut membantu navigasi ditambah dengan penemuan [[jam]] oleh John Harrison pada abad ke-17. Penemuan [[telegraf]] oleh [[S.F.B Morse]] dan [[radio]] oleh [[C. Marconi]], terlebih lebih penggunaan [[radar]] dan [[sonar]] yang ditemukan pada abad ke 20 membuat peranan navigator agak tergeser. Satuan kecepatan kapal dihitung dengan [[knot]] dimana 1 knot = 1,85200 km/jam.
Menjelang akhir [[abad ke-20]], navigasi sangat dipermudah oleh [[GPS]], yang memiliki ketelitian sangat tinggi dengan bantuan [[satelit]].Selain dari itu system komunikasi yang sangat modern juga menunjang navigasi dengan adanya beberapa macam peralatan seperti radar type Harpa memungkinkan para navigator / Mualim bisa melihat langsung keadaan kondisi laut. Radar harpa ini adalah radar modern yang bisa mendeteksi langsung jarak antara kapal dgn kapal, kapal dengan daratan , kapal dengan daerah berbahaya, kecepatan kapal, kecepatan angin,dan mempunyai daya akurasi gambar yang jelas. Selain dari itu ada lagi system GMDSS (Global Maritime Distress safety system) Suatu system keselamatan pelayaran secara global. Kalau suatu kapal berada dalam kondisi berbahaya system ini akan memancarkan berita bahaya yang berisi posisi kapal, nama kapal, jenis marabahaya,tersebut secara otomatis, cepat, tepat , akurat. Untuk system komunikasi lainnya ada INMARSAT (International Maritime satelite) Suatu system pengiriman berita menggunakan E-Mail, Telephone, Telex, ataupun Faximile.
== Jenis-jenis kapal ==
Kapal sulit untuk diklasifikasikan, terutama karena banyak sekali kriteria yang menjadi dasar klasifikasi dalam sistem yang ada seperti:
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* The number of hulls, giving categories like monohull, catamaran, trimaran.
* The shape and size, giving categories like dinghy, keelboat, and icebreaker.
* The building materials used, giving steel, aluminum, wood, fiberglass, and plastic.
* The type of propulsion system used, giving human-propelled, mechanical, and sails.
* The epoch in which the vessel was used, triremes of ancient Greece, man' o' wars, eighteenth century.
* The geographic origin of the vessel, many vessels are associated with a particular region, such as the [[pinnace]] of Northern Europe, the [[gondola]]s of [[Venice]], and the [[junk (ship)|junks]] of China.
* The manufacturer, series, or class.
Another way to categorize ships and boats is based on their use, as described by Paulet and Presles.<ref name="paulet">{{cite book |last=Paulet |first=Dominique |authorlink= |coauthors=Presles ,Dominique |editor= |others= |title=Architecture navale, connaissance et pratique |origdate= |origyear= |origmonth= |url= |format= |accessdate= |accessyear= |accessmonth= |edition= |series= |volume= |date= |year=1999 |month= |publisher=Éditions de la Villette |location=Paris |language=Français |isbn=2-903539-46-4 |oclc= |doi= |id= |pages= |chapter= |chapterurl= |quote= }}</ref> This system includes military ships, commercial vessels, fishing boats, pleasure craft and competitive boats. In this section, ships are classified using the first four of those categories, and adding a section for lake and river boats, and one for vessels which fall outside these categories.
===Commercial vessels===
Commercial vessels or [[merchant ship]]s can be divided into three broad categories: [[cargo ship]]s, [[passenger ship]]s, and special-purpose ships.<ref name="unctadxii">UNCTAD 2007, p. ''xii'' uses a similar, but slightly more detailed classification system.</ref> Cargo ships transport dry and liquid cargo. Dry cargo can be transported in bulk by [[bulk carrier]]s, packed directly onto a [[general cargo ship]] in break-bulk, packed in [[shipping container]]s as aboard a [[container ship]], or driven aboard as in [[roll-on roll-off ship]]s. Liquid cargo is generally carried in bulk aboard tankers, such as [[oil tanker]]s, [[chemical tanker]]s and [[LNG tanker]]s.
Passenger ships range in size from small river ferries to giant [[cruise ship]]s. This type of vessel includes [[ferry|ferries]], which move passengers and vehicles on short trips; [[ocean liner]]s, which carry passengers on one-way trips; and cruise ships, which typically transport passengers on round-trip voyages promoting leisure activities onboard and in the ports they visit.
Special-purpose vessels are not used for transport but are designed to perform other specific tasks. Examples include [[tugboats]], [[pilot boat]]s, [[rescue boats]], [[cable ship]]s, [[research vessel]]s, [[survey vessel]]s, and [[ice breaker]]s.
Most commercial vessels have full hull-forms to maximize cargo capacity.{{cn|date=April 2008}} Hulls are usually made of steel, although aluminum can be used on faster craft, and fiberglass on the smallest service vessels.{{cn|date=April 2008}} Commercial vessels generally have a crew headed by a [[captain (nautical)|captain]], with [[deck officer]]s and [[marine engineer]]s on larger vessels. Special-purpose vessels often have specialized crew if necessary, for example scientists aboard [[research vessel]]s. Commercial vessels are typically powered by a single propeller driven by a [[diesel engine]].{{cn|date=April 2008}} Vessels which operate at the higher end of the speed spectrum may use [[pump-jet engine]]s or sometimes [[gas turbine engine]]s.{{cn|date=April 2008}}
<center><gallery>
Berkas:Line0534.jpg|Two modern [[container ship]]s in [[San Francisco]]
Berkas:Hkstarferry.JPG|A [[ferry]] in [[Hong-Kong]]
Berkas:Pilot boat.JPG|A [[pilot boat]] near the port of [[Rotterdam]]
Berkas:IFREMER - Pourquoi pas ?.JPG|The [[research vessel]] [[Pourquoi Pas? (2005)|''Pourquoi pas?'']] at [[Brest (France)|Brest]], [[France]]
</gallery></center>
===Military vessels===
There are many [[List of types of naval vessels|types of naval vessels]] currently and through history. Modern naval vessels can be broken down into three categories: [[List of naval ship classes in service|warships]], [[List of submarine classes in service|submarines]], and [[List of auxiliary ship classes in service|support and auxiliary vessels]].
Modern warships are generally divided into seven main categories, which are: [[aircraft carrier]]s, [[cruiser]]s, [[destroyer]]s, [[frigate]]s, [[corvette]]s, [[submarine]]s and [[amphibious assault ship]]s. [[Battleship]]s encompass an eighth category, but are not in current service with any navy in the world.<ref name="usntypes">With the addition of corvettes, this is the categorization used at {{cite web |url=http://www.navy.mil/navydata/our_ships.asp |title=U.S. Navy Ships |accessdate=2008-04-20 |author=United States Navy |authorlink=United States Navy |date= |year= |month= |format= |work= |publisher=United States Navy |pages= |language= |doi= |archiveurl= |archivedate= |quote= }}</ref>
Most military submarines are either [[attack submarine]]s or [[ballistic submarine]]s. Until [[World War Two]], the primary role of the diesel/electric submarine was anti-ship warfare, inserting and removing covert agents and military forces, and intelligence-gathering. With the development of the homing torpedo, better [[sonar]] systems, and [[Nuclear navy|nuclear propulsion]], submarines also became able to effectively hunt each other. The development of [[Submarine-launched ballistic missile|submarine-launched nuclear missiles]] and submarine-launched [[cruise missiles]] gave submarines a substantial and long-ranged ability to attack both land and sea targets with a variety of weapons ranging from [[cluster bomb]]s to [[nuclear weapon]]s.
Most [[Navy|navies]] also include many types of support and auxiliary vessels, such as [[minesweeper (ship)|minesweeper]]s, [[patrol boat]]s, [[OPV (naval)|offshore patrol vessels]], [[replenishment ship]]s , and [[hospital ship]]s which are designated [[healthcare|medical treatment]] facilities.<ref>[http://wordnet.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=hospital%20ship Hospital Ship] (definition via [[WordNet]], [[Princeton University]])</ref>
Naval vessels usually have fine hulls to maximize speed and maneuverability.{{cn|date=April 2008}} They also usually have advanced electronics and communication systems, as well as weapons.
<center><gallery>
Berkas:Carrier.750pix.jpg|American [[aircraft carrier]] ''Harry S. Truman'' and a [[replenishment ship]]
Berkas:Uss iowa bb-61 pr.jpg|American battleship ''[[USS Iowa (BB-61)|USS Iowa]]'' fires an artillery salvo
Berkas:M1093 Auerbach-Oberpfalz.jpg|German ''[[Ensdorf class minesweeper|Ensdorf class]]'' [[minesweeper (ship)|minesweepers]]
Berkas:FS Rapiere.jpg|French landing craft ''Rapière'' near Toulon
</gallery></center>
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===Fishing vessels===
Fishing vessels are a subset of commercial vessels, but generally small in size and often subject to different regulations and classification. They are distinguished by several criteria: the type of fish they catch, the fishing method used, geographical origin, and technical features such as rigging.
Commercial fishermen harvest many aquatic species, from [[tuna]], [[cod]], and [[salmon]] to [[shrimp]], [[krill]], [[lobster]], [[clam]]s, [[squid]] and [[crab]], in various [[fishery|fisheries]] for these species.
Modern commercial fishermen use many methods. One is fishing by [[Fishing net|nets]], such as [[Seine (fishing)|purse seine]], [[beach seine]], lift nets, [[gillnet]]s, or entangling nets. Another is [[trawl]]ing, including [[Bottom trawling|bottom trawl]]. [[Fish hook|Hooks]] and lines are used in methods like [[long-line fishing]] and [[hand-line fishing]]). Another method is the use of [[fishing trap]].
Fishing boats are generally small, often little more than {{convert|30|m|ft}}) but up to {{convert|100|m|ft}} for a large tuna or [[whaling ship]]. They feature holds large enough to keep a good-sized catch. The fish can then simply be stored on ice. Aboard a [[fish processing vessel]], they can be made ready for market and sold more quickly once the ship makes port.
The simplest fishing boats have a small cabin with a saloon, a deck designed to accommodate fishing, and fishing equipment such as nets and lines. Trawlers have additional gear such as winches and arms. Other devices are used, such as a rear ramp on a stern-trawler, and a skiff on a tuna seiner.
<center><gallery>
Berkas:Fishing boat in Cap-Haitien.jpg|Fishing boat in [[Cap-Haïtien]], [[Haïti]]
Berkas:Chalutier.JPG|A [[Commercial trawler|trawler]] at [[Saint-Nazaire]]
Berkas:Bateau ostreicole.jpg|An oyster boat at [[La Trinité-sur-Mer]]
Berkas:Albatun Dod.jpg|The ''Albatun Dos'', a tuna boat at work near [[Victoria, Seychelles]]
</gallery></center>
===Inland and coastal boats===
Many types of boats and ships are designed for inland and coastal waterways. These are the vessels that trade upon the lakes, rivers and canals.
Barges are a prime example of inland vessels. Flat-bottomed [[boat]]s built to transport heavy goods, most barges are not self-propelled and need to be moved by [[tugboat]]s towing or [[towboats]] pushing them. Barges towed along canals by draft animals on an adjacent [[towpath]] contended with the [[railway]] in the early [[industrial revolution]] but [[history of the British canal system|were outcompeted]] in the carriage of high value items due to the higher speed, falling costs, and route flexibility of [[rail transport]].
[[Riverboat]]s and [[ferry boat|inland ferries]] are specially designed to carry passengers, cargo, or both in the challenging river environment. Rivers present special hazards to vessels. They usually have varying water flows that alternately lead to high speed water flows or protruding rock hazards. Changing siltation patterns may cause the sudden appearance of shoal waters, and often floating or sunken logs and trees (called snags) can endanger the hulls and propulsion of riverboats. Riverboats are generally of shallow draft, being broad of beam and rather square in plan, with a low freeboard and high topsides. Riverboats can survive with this type of configuration as they do not have to withstand the high winds or large waves that are seen on large lakes, seas, or oceans.
[[Lake freighter]]s, also called lakers, are [[cargo]] vessels that ply the [[Great Lakes]]. The most well-known is the {{SS|Edmund Fitzgerald}}, the latest major vessel to be wrecked on the Lakes. These vessels are traditionally called boats, not ships. Visiting ocean-going vessels are called "salties." Due to their additional [[Beam (nautical)|beam]], very large salties are never seen inland of the [[Saint Lawrence Seaway]]. Because the largest of the [[Soo Locks]] is larger than any Seaway lock, salties that can pass through the Seaway may travel anywhere in the Great Lakes. Because of their deeper draft, salties may accept partial loads on the Great Lakes, "topping off" when they have exited the Seaway. Similarly, the largest lakers are confined to the Upper Lakes ([[Lake Superior|Superior]], [[Lake Michigan|Michigan]], [[Lake Huron|Huron]], [[Lake Erie|Erie]]) because they are too large to use the Seaway locks, beginning at the [[Welland Canal]] that bypasses the [[Niagara River]].
Since the [[freshwater]] lakes are less corrosive to ships than the [[Seawater|salt water]] of the oceans, lakers tend to last much longer than ocean freighters. Lakers older than 50 years are not unusual, and account for more than half of the fleet.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} The ''St. Mary's Challenger'', built in [[1906]] as the ''William P Snyder'', is the oldest laker still working on the Lakes. Similarly, the ''E.M. Ford'', built in [[1898]] as the ''Presque Isle'', was sailing the lakes 98 years later in [[1996]]. As of 2007 the ''Ford'' was still afloat as a stationary transfer vessel at a riverside cement silo in [[Saginaw, Michigan]].
<center><gallery>
Berkas:Rheinschiff Temptation I.JPG|[[Riverboat]] ''Temptation'' on the [[Rhine]]
Berkas:RiverboatNatchez.jpg|Riverboat ''Natchez'' on the [[Mississippi River]]
Berkas:Paris bateau parisien DSC00737.jpg|Commuter boat on the [[Seine]]
Berkas:SSEdmundFitzgerald.jpg|The [[lake freighter]] {{SS|Edmund Fitzgerald}}
</gallery></center>
===Other===
The wide variety of vessels at work on the earth's waters defy a simple classification scheme. A representative few that fail to fit into the above categories include:
* Historical boats, frequently used as [[museum ships]], [[training ship]]s, or as good-will ambassadors of a country abroad.
* [[Houseboat]]s, floating structures used as dwellings.
* Scientific, technical, and industrial vessels such as [[oil platform|mobile offshore drilling units]], offshore wind farms, [[survey ship]]s, and [[research vessel]]s.
* [[Submarine]]s, for underwater navigation and exploration
<center><gallery>
Berkas:Dar Pomorza pod zaglami s.jpg|The Polish sailing frigate ''[[Dar Pomorza]]''
Berkas:House boat, backwaters.JPG|A [[houseboat]] near [[Kerala]]
Berkas:Mobile-offshore-drilling-unit.gif|A mobile offshore drilling unit in the [[Gulf of Mexico]]
Berkas:Monaco-YellowSubmarine.jpg|A [[bathyscaphe]] at the oceanographic museum in [[Monaco]]
</gallery></center>
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=== Berdasarkan tenaga penggerak ===
# Kapal bertenaga manusia (Pendayung)
# [[Kapal layar]]
# [[Kapal uap]]
# [[Kapal diesel]] atau Kapal motor
# [[Kapal nuklir]]
=== Berdasarkan jenis pelayarannya ===
# [[Kapal permukaan]]
# [[Kapal selam]]
# [[Kapal mengambang]]
# [[Kapal bantalan udara]]
=== Berdasarkan fungsinya ===
# [[kapal perang|Kapal Perang]]
# [[Kapal penumpang]]
# [[Kapal barang]]
# [[Kapal tanker]]
# [[Kapal feri]]
# [[Kapal pemecah es]]
# [[Kapal tunda]]
# [[Kapal pandu]]
# [[Tongkang]]
# [[Kapal tender]]
# [[Kapal Ro-Ro]]
# [[Kapal dingin beku]]
# [[Kapal keruk]]
# [[Kapal peti kemas]] / [[Kapal kontainer]]
# [[Kapal pukat harimau]]
== Referensi ==
=== Sumber ===
{{reflist}}
=== Pranala luar ===
{{Commons|Kapal}}
*{{id}} [http://www.pelni.com/ PT. Pelayaran Nasional Indonesia (Pelni)]
*{{id}} [http://www.pal.co.id/ PT. PAL Indonesia]
*{{id}} [http://http://www.dephub.go.id/ditlala/peraturan.php Peraturan - Peraturan Direktorat Lalu Lintas dan Angkutan Laut di Indonesia]
*{{id}} [http://www.dephub.go.id/modules/Upload_File/images/km%2018%2097.pdf Keputusan Menteri Perhubungan Tentang Pendidikan, Ujian Negara dan Sertifikasi Kepelautan (dokumen PDF)]
[[Kategori:Kapal| ]]
[[Kategori:Angkutan]]
[[Kategori:Transportasi air]]
[[an:Barco]]
[[ar:سفينة]]
[[arc:ܣܦܝܢܬܐ]]
[[arz:سفينه]]
[[az:Gəmi]]
[[bat-smg:Laivs]]
[[bg:Кораб]]
[[bn:জাহাজ]]
[[bs:Brod]]
[[ca:Vaixell]]
[[cs:Loď]]
[[cy:Llong]]
[[da:Skib]]
[[de:Schiff]]
[[el:Πλοίο]]
[[en:Ship]]
[[eo:Ŝipo]]
[[es:Barco]]
[[et:Laev]]
[[eu:Itsasontzi]]
[[fa:کشتی (شناور)]]
[[fi:Laiva]]
[[fr:Navire]]
[[gl:Barco]]
[[gn:Ygarata]]
[[he:ספינה]]
[[hi:जलयान]]
[[hr:Brod]]
[[hu:Hajó]]
[[io:Navo]]
[[is:Skip]]
[[it:Nave]]
[[ja:船]]
[[jv:Baita]]
[[ka:გემი]]
[[ko:선박]]
[[la:Navis]]
[[lb:Schëff]]
[[lo:ກຳປັ່ນ]]
[[lt:Laivas]]
[[lv:Kuģis]]
[[mk:Брод (пловило)]]
[[ml:കപ്പല്]]
[[mn:Усан онгоц]]
[[ms:Kapal]]
[[my:သင်္ဘော]]
[[nah:Ācalli]]
[[nds:Schipp]]
[[nl:Schip (transportmiddel)]]
[[no:Skip]]
[[nv:Tsin naaʼeeł]]
[[pa:ਪਾਣੀ ਦਾ ਜਹਾਜ਼]]
[[pl:Statek wodny]]
[[pt:Navio]]
[[qu:Hatun wamp'u]]
[[ro:Navă]]
[[ru:Судно]]
[[sh:Brod]]
[[simple:Ship]]
[[sk:Loď]]
[[sl:Ladja]]
[[sr:Брод]]
[[sv:Fartyg]]
[[sw:Meli]]
[[ta:கப்பல்]]
[[te:ఓడ]]
[[tl:Barko]]
[[tr:Gemi]]
[[uk:Корабель]]
[[ur:بحرینہ]]
[[uz:Kema]]
[[vi:Tàu thủy]]
[[war:Barko]]
[[yi:שיף]]
[[zh:船]]
[[zh-classical:船舶]]
[[zh-yue:船]]
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