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Dalam [[Hinduisme]] dan dalam sebagian budaya [[Asia]] yang terkait dengan Hinduisme, '''cakra''' dipahami sebagai pusat energi [[metafisika|metafisik]] dan/atau [[biofisika|biofisis]] dalam [[tubuh manusia]]. Gerakan [[Zaman Baru]] dan, sampai tingkat tertentu, gerakan [[Pemikiran Baru]] yang sangat berbeda, juga telah mengadopsi dan mengembangkan teori ini.
== Pengantar ==
Kata "cakra" berasal dari [[bahasa Sansekerta]] चक्र yang berarti "[[roda]]" atau "[[lingkaran]]" (juga kata-kata yang terkait dengan kedua kata tersebut), dan kadang-kadang juga merujuk kepada "roda kehidupan". Beberapa sumber tradisional menyebutkan ada lima atau tujuh cakra, yang lainnya menyebutkan delapan.
[[Image:ChakraDiag.jpg|right]]
<!--The chakras are described as being aligned in an ascending column from the base of the [[spine (anatomy)|spine]] to the top of the head. Each chakra is associated with a certain [[color]], multiple physiological functions, an aspect of [[consciousness]], a [[classical element]], and other distinguishing characteristics.They are visualised as lotuses with a different number of petals in every chakra.
The chakras are thought to vitalise the physical body and to be associated with interactions of a physical, emotional and mental nature. They are considered loci of life energy, or [[prana]], (also called shakti), which is thought to flow among them along pathways called [[Nadi (yoga)|nadis]]. The function of the chakras is to spin and draw in this Universal Life Force Energy to keep the spiritual, mental, emotional and physical health of the body in balance.
[[Traditional Chinese medicine]] also relies on a similar model of the human body as an energy system.
The New Age movement has led to an increased interest in the West regarding chakras. Many in this movement point to a correspondence between the position and role of the chakras and those of the [[gland]]s in the [[endocrine system]]. Some people in New Age also claim that other chakras, besides the above, exist — for instance, ear chakras — and have described many more chakras than made reference to in traditional texts. Frequently references are made to the chakras in the New Age "sacred sexuality" or [[neotantra]] movement.
The chakras are described in the tantric texts the ''Sat-Cakra-Nirupana'', and the ''Padaka-Pancaka'', in which they are described as emanations of consciousness from Brahman, an energy emanating from the spiritual which gradually turns concrete, creating these distinct levels of chakras, and which eventually finds its rest in the [[Muladhara]] chakra. They are therefore part of an [[emanationist theory]], like that of the [[kabbalah]] in the west, [[lataif-e-sitta]] in [[Sufism]] or [[neo-platonism]]. The energy that was unleashed in creation, called the [[Kundalini]], lies coiled and sleeping at the base of the spine. It is the purpose of the [[tantra|tantric]] or [[kundalini yoga|kundalini]] forms of [[yoga]] to arouse this energy, and cause it to rise back up through the increasingly subtler chakras, until union with God is achieved in the [[Sahasrara]] chakra at the crown of the head.
Apart from this primary text from India, different Western authors have tried to describe the chakras, most notably the [[Theosophists]]. Many New Age writers, such as the Danish author and musician [[Peter Kjaerulff]] in his book, ''The Ringbearer's Diary'', or [[Anodea Judith]] in her book ''Wheels of Life'', have written their opinions about the chakras in great detail, including the reasons for their appearance and functions.
The seven chakras are said by some to reflect how the unified consciousness of humanity (the immortal human being or the soul), is divided to manage different aspects of earthly life (body/instinct/vital energy/deeper emotions/communication/having an overview of life/contact to [[God]]). The chakras are placed at differing levels of spiritual subtlety, with Sahasrara at the top being concerned with pure consciousness, and [[Muladhara]] at the bottom being concerned with matter, which is seen simply as crudified consciousness.
==The seven basic chakras==
The following table sets forth some of the properties associated with each chakra:
{| border=2
| '''Chakra'''
| '''Color'''
| '''Primary Functions'''
| '''Associated [[classical element|Element]]'''
|- style="background:rgb(230,230,230);"
| Crown<br /><small>(just above the head)</small><br />sahasrāra, सहस्रार
| white; may assume color of dominant chakra
| connection to the divine
| space
|- style="background: rgb(128,0,255);"
| [[Third eye]]<br />ājñā, आज्ञा
| indigo
| intuition, [[Extra-sensory perception]]
| time
|- style="background:rgb(0,128,255);"
| Throat<br />viśuddha, विशुद्ध
| blue
| speech, self-expression
| life
|- style="background:green;"
| [[Heart]]/[[Lung]]<br />anāhata, अनाहत
| medium green
| devotion, love, compassion, healing
| air
|- style="background:yellow;"
| [[Solar plexus]]<br />{{unicode|maṇipūra}}, मणिपूर
| yellow
| mental functioning, power, control, freedom to be oneself, career
| fire
|- style="background:orange;"
| [[Sacrum]] (Hara)<br />{{unicode|svādhiṣṭhāna}}, स्वाधिष्ठान
| orange
| emotion, sexual energy, creativity
| water
|- style="background:rgb(255,64,64);"
| Root<br />mūlādhāra, मूलाधार
| red (indian red or coral red)
| instinct, survival, security
| earth
|}
It is claimed to be very important to know the right color tone for a specific area because the wrong hue of color can allegedly do different things to the energetic system. Yet different systems differ in the colors they ascribe.
The colors above simply represent, in order, the colors of the rainbow. In other words, all monochromatic colors.
For a discussion on chakra petals see [[Petal (chakra)]].
Additionally, some teachers describe a [[Transpersonal chakra]] above the crown chakra. There are also said to be many minor chakras, for example between the major chakras.
==Origins and development==
The earliest known mention of chakras is found in the later [[Upanishads]], including specifically the [[Brahma Upanishad]] and the [[Yogatattva Upanishad]]. These vedic models were adapted in [[Tibetan Buddhism]] as [[Vajrayana]] theory, and in the [[Tantra|Tantric]] [[Shakta]] theory of chakras.
It is the [[shakta]] theory of 7 main chakras that most people in the West adhere to, either knowingly or unknowingly, largely thanks to a translation of two Indian texts, the ''Sat-Cakra-Nirupana'', and the ''Padaka-Pancaka'', by Sir [[John Woodroffe]], alias Arthur Avalon, in a book entitled ''The Serpent Power''.
This book is extremely detailed and complex, and later the ideas were developed into what is predominant western view of the Chakras by the [[theosophy|Theosophists]], and largely the controversial (in theosophical circles) [[Charles Webster Leadbeater|C. W. Leadbeater]] in his book ''The Chakras'', which are in large part his own meditations and insights on the matter.
That said, many present-day Indian gurus that incorporate chakras within their systems of philosophy do not seem to radically disagree with the western view of chakras, at least on the key points, and both these eastern and western views have developed from the Shakta Tantra school.
There are various other models of chakras in other traditions, notably in Chinese medicine, and also in Tibetan Buddhism. Even in Jewish [[kabbalah]], the different [[Sephirah (Kabbalah)|Sephiroth]] are sometimes associated with parts of the body. In [[Islam|Islamic]] [[Sufism]], [[Lataif-e-Sitta]] ( Six Subtleties ) are considered as psychospiritual "organs" or faculties of sensory and suprasensory perception, activation of which makes a man complete. Attempts are made to try and reconcile the systems with each other, and notably there are some successes, even between such diverged traditions as Shakta Tantra, Sufism and Kabbalism, where chakras, lataif and Sephiroth can seemingly represent the same [[archetype|archetypal]] spiritual concepts. In [[Surat Shabd Yoga|Surat Shabda Yoga]], [[Initiation rite|initiation]] by an Outer Living [[Satguru]] (Sat - true, [[Guru]] - teacher) is required and involves reconnecting soul to the Shabda and stationing the Inner Shabda Master (the Radiant Form of the Master) at the [[Mind's eye|third eye]] chakra.
==Chakras and the endocrine system==
Parallels have often been drawn, by supporters of the existence of chakras, between the positions and functions of the chakras, and of the various organs of the endocrine system.
[[Image:Illu_endocrine_system.jpg]]
<!--- '''[[Transpersonal chakra]]''' --->
<!--'''The crown chakra, [[Sahasrara]]''' is said to be the chakra of consciousness, the master chakra that controls all the others. Its role would be very similar to that of the [[pituitary gland]], which secretes hormones to control the rest of the endocrine system, and also connects to the [[central nervous system]] via the [[hypothalamus]]. The [[thalamus]] is thought to have a key role in the physical basis of [[consciousness]].
'''The [[Ajna]] Chakra, or [[Mind's eye|Third eye]]''', is linked to the [[pineal gland]]. Ajna is the chakra of time and awareness and of light. The pineal gland is a light sensitive gland, that produces the hormone [[melatonin]], which regulates the instincts of going to sleep and awakening. It has been conjectured that it also produces trace amounts of the psychedelic chemical [[dimethyltryptamine]].
(Note: some argue that the pineal and pituitary glands should be exchanged in their relationship to the Crown and Brow chakras, based on the description in Arthur Avalon's book on [[kundalini]] called ''Serpent Power'' or empirical research.)
'''The throat chakra, [[Vishuddha]]''', is said to be related to communication and growth, growth being a form of expression. This chakra is paralleled to the [[thyroid]], a gland that is also in the throat, and which produces [[thyroid hormone]], responsible for growth and maturation.
'''The heart/emotions chakra, [[Anahata]]''', is related to love, equilibrium, and well-being. It is related to the [[thymus]], located in the chest. This organ is part of the [[immune system]], as well as being part of the endocrine system. It produces [[T cells]] responsible for fighting off disease, and is adversely affected by [[stress (medicine)|stress]].
'''The [[solar plexus]] chakra, [[Manipura]]''', is related to energy, assimilation and digestion, and is said to correspond to the roles played by the [[pancreas]] and the outer [[adrenal glands]], the adrenal cortex. These play a valuable role in [[digestion]], the conversion of food matter into energy for the body.
'''The [[Sacrum|sacral]] chakra, [[Swadhisthana]]''', is located in the groin, and is related to [[emotion]], [[sexuality]] and creativity. This chakra is said to correspond to the testes or the ovaries, that produce the various [[sex hormones]] involved in the [[reproductive cycle]], which can cause dramatic [[mood swings]].
'''The base or root chakra, [[Muladhara]],''' is related to security, survival and also to basic human potentiality. This centre is located in the region between the genitals and the anus. Although no endocrine organ is placed here, it is said to relate to the inner [[adrenal glands]], the adrenal medulla, responsible for the fight and flight response when survival is under threat. In this region is located a muscle that controls ejaculation in the sexual act. A parallel is drawn between the [[sperm cell]] and the [[ovum]], where the [[genetic code]] lies coiled, and the [[kundalini]].
==Various models==
'''Chakrology''' is a [[neologism]] sometimes employed by [[Alternative Medicine]] practitioners or [[Esotericism|esoteric]] philosophers for the study of chakras. There are many different chakrologies, some of them based on ancient [[India]]n Hindu [[Tantra|Tantric]] esoteric traditions, [[New Age]] interpretations, or Western [[Occultism|occult]] analyses, as well as ancient Greek and [[Christianity|Christian]] references.
===The tantric chakras===
{{Tantric chakras}}
[[Tantra]] (Shakta or Shaktism) describes eight primary inner chakras:
# [[Sahasrara]] ([[Sanskrit]]: सहस्रार)
# [[Ajna]] ([[Sanskrit]]: आज्ञा)
# [[Vishuddha]] ([[Sanskrit]]: {{unicode|विशुद्ध}})
# [[Anahata]] ([[Sanskrit]]: अनाहत)
# [[Manipura]] ([[Sanskrit]]: मिणपूर)
# [[Swadhisthana]] ([[Sanskrit]]: स्वाधिष्ठान)
# [[Muladhara]] ([[Sanskrit]]: मूलाधार)
# [[Bindu]] ([[Sanskrit]]: {{unicode|बिन्दु}})
===Hesychastic centres of prayer===
[[Hesychasm]] specifies four centres:
# '''Cerebrofrontal centre''': Positioned between the [[eyebrow]]s (compare with [[Ajna]]).
# '''Buccolaryngeal centre'''.
# '''Pectoral centre''': Positioned in the upper and median region of the chest.
# '''Cardiac centre''': Positioned near the upper part of the [[heart]] (compare with [[Anahata]]).
This compares notably with [[Tibetan Buddhism]], in which the sequence of centres is very similar, beginning with the eyebrows and going down to the [[heart]], which symbolizes the highest [[consciousness]]. Varying Tibetan systems, however, use different numbers of centres, typically between 3 and 7, as appropriate for the practice in question.
It is alleged by modern mystics that in [[Hesychasm]], the '''centres of prayer''' were points of [[concentration]] or [[meditation]] on the body to be used during the hesychastic [[prayer]]. This terminology, however, is not used in [[Eastern Orthodoxy|Orthodox Christianity]] and is not and has not been part of hesychastic prayer as practiced within the Orthodox Churches.
==Scientific basis==
The idea of chakras as understood in Eastern philosophy does not exist in [[medical science]]. In Eastern thought, the chakras are thought to be levels of [[consciousness]], and states of the [[soul]], and 'proving' the existence of chakras is akin to 'proving' the existence of a soul. A [[mysticism|mystic]] deals with these [[occult]] concepts on the occult plane, as a model for their own internal experience, and when talking about 'energy centres', they are generally talking about subtle, spiritual forces, which work on the [[Psyche (psychology)|psyche]] and [[spirit]], not about physical, electrical, or magnetic fields.
The primary importance and level of existence of chakras is therefore posited to be in the psyche and in the spirit. However, there are those who believe that chakras have a physical manifestation as well. Although there is no evidence that Indian mystics made this association themselves, it is noted by many that there is a marked similarity between the positions and roles described for chakras, and the positions and roles of the glands in the [[endocrine system]], and also by the positions of the [[neuron|nerve]] [[ganglion|ganglia]] (also known as "[[plexus]]es") along the spinal column, opening the possibility that two vastly different systems of conceptualization have been brought to bear to systemize insights about the same phenomenon. By some, chakras are thought of as having their physical manifestation in the body as these glands, and their subjective manifestation as the associated psychological and spiritual experiences.
Indeed, the various [[hormones]] secreted by these glands do have a dramatic effect on human psychology, and an imbalance in one can cause a psychological or physical imbalance in a person. Whether these changes in body state have a bearing on spiritual matters is a subject of dissent even among the Indian theorists, and the different systems of conceptualization, Indian and Western, make only a partial convergence in this case.
Perhaps the most psychologically dramatic and potent secretion of these glands is the [[psychedelic]] drug [[dimethyltryptamine|DMT]] (which is synthesized by the [[pineal gland]], corresponding to the brow chakra). At least in the West, some individuals have sought spiritual breakthroughs through the use of such chemical aids, occasionally referred to as [[entheogens]] in this context. (See for example: [[Aldous Huxley]], ''The Doors of Perception'', a classic of new-age spirituality.)
==References in fiction==
In [[Grant Morrison]]'s "[[Here Comes Tomorrow]]" ''[[New X-Men]]'' story arc, it is revealed that the [[Phoenix Force (comics)|Phoenix consciousness]] accesses its human avatar, [[Jean Grey]], through the crown chakra.<ref name="uncannyxmen.net">{{cite web | title=''New X-Men #154'' (issue summary) | publisher=uncannyxmen.net | work=uncannyxmen.net | url=http://www.uncannyxmen.net/db/issues/showquestion.asp?fldAuto=1777 | accessdate=8 June | accessyear=2006 | date=May 2004 | author=Douglas Mangum}}</ref>
In the [[manga]]/[[anime]] ''[[Naruto]]'', chakra is seemingly incorrectly used to describe the mystical internal energy used to perform various ninja techniques such as ''ninjutsu'' and ''genjutsu''. Based on the contextual usage, the term [[Qi|Chi]] seems to bear more resemblance to the force described.{{facts}}
In the anime [[Betterman]], one of the characters, a high priest, uses chakra to fight supernatural forces.{{facts}}
[[Monk (character class)|Monks]] in the [[computer and video games|video games]] ''[[Final Fantasy Tactics]]'', ''[[Final Fantasy Tactics Advance]]'' and ''[[Final Fantasy XI]]'', as well as the character [[Amarant Coral]] in ''[[Final Fantasy IX]]'', can use a technique called Chakra for healing and restoring [[hit point|HP]] or [[magic point|MP]].{{facts}}
In the [[James Bond]] movie ''[[Tomorrow Never Dies]]'', both Dr. Kaufman and his protege [[Mr. Stamper]] practice 'Chakra Torture".{{facts}}
The character "Mhenlo" in the [[multiplayer game|online game]] ''[[Guild Wars]]'' has written "Baptiste said full chakra" on his inner Torso.{{facts}}
In the [[MMORPG]] [[MapleStory]], Chief Bandits can use a skill called Chakra to heal [[hit point|HP]].{{facts}}
In the video game "[[Shin Megami Tensei: Digital Devil Saga]]," the seven basic chakras of the tantric version are used as names for the towns of the six warring tribes and administrative center area. Oddly enough, the main character's tribe resides within the town 'Muladhara,' and successively gain each area as presented in the color diagram (from Muladhara, to Svadhisthana, etc) all the way up to Sahasrara. The game features many other Hindu references, such as [[karma]], [[samsara]], and others.{{facts}}
The David Foster Wallace short story "Another Pioneer" (book: Oblivion) makes reference to a child prodigy who was perhaps struck in one of three ways in the Sixth (Ajna) Hindric Chakra, sending what had up to that point been his rule into a tragic albeit quiet downward spiral of sorts among a third world tribe in some remote jungle locale.{{facts}} -->
== Catatan kaki ==
<div class="references-small">
<references/>
</div>
== Bahan-bahan dan buku rujukan ==
* {{cite book
| author = Morgen, Robert
| authorlink = Robert Morgen
| year = 2005
| title = Personal Mastery: Develop Your True Inner Power by Awakening Your Kundalini
| edition = 1st
| publisher = Windhaven Press
| id = 1411635884
| url = http://www.robertmorgen.com
}}
* {{cite book
| author = Sharp, Dr. Michael
| authorlink = Michael Sharp
| year = 2005
| title = Dossier of the Ascension: A Practical Guide to Chakra Activation and Kundalini Awakening
| edition = 1st
| publisher = Avatar Publications
| id = 0973537930
| url = http://dossier.michaelsharp.org
}}
== Lihat pula ==
* [[Akupunktur]]
* [[Aura]]
* [[Anatomi estoterik]]
* [[Metode IRECA]]
* [[Fotografi Kirlian]]
* [[Kundalini]]
* [[Lataif-e-sitta]]
* [[Middle Pillar Exercise]]
* [[Petal (cakra)]]
* [[Qi]]
* [[Qigong]]
* [[Reiki Tummo]]
* [[Pohon kehidupan (Kabbalah)]]
* [[Yoga]]
* [[Meditasi]]
* [[Buddhisme Tantra]]
* [[Sefirot]]
== Pranala luar ==
{{cleanup-spam}}
*[http://www.sahajayoga.org Sahaja Yoga] Unique method of meditation based on an experience called Self Realization (Kundalini awakening) that can occur within each human being
*[http://healing.about.com/cs/chakras/a/alignchakras.htm Aligning Your Chakras] Chakra resources at About Holistic Healing
*[http://chakracises.com Chakracises] Actions you can take to help get your chakras functioning optimally
*[http://www.adishakti.org/subtle_system.htm Human Subtle System]
*[https://www.cihs.edu/whatsnew/research.asp Update on research] on Apparatus for Meridian Identification at California Institute for Human Science
*[http://www.sanatansociety.org/chakras/chakras.htm Tantric Chakras]
*[http://www.religiousbook.net/Books/Online_books/Ec/Ecology_35.html Cleansing and development of chakras and meridians]
*[http://www.kriya.org/information/info_links/holystreams.htm Jesus may have taught 7 major chakras. Our awareness may be increased by meditation]
*[http://amanecerespiritual.tripod.com/capitulo1_en.htm Spiritual Dawn - Morality and Philosophy Essay - Chakras]
*[http://www.donnasworld.net/eng/chakra.html Chakra, explanation, images, chakrasystem and forum]
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