Barack Obama: Perbedaan antara revisi
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{{Infobox President
| name = Barack Obama ANJING
| image name = Official portrait of Barack Obama.jpg
| caption = Barack Hussein Obama II
Baris 13:
| preceded2 = [[Peter Fitzgerald]]
| succeeded2 =
| office = Presiden Amerika Serikat ADALAH ANJING
| order = 44
| term_start = [[20 Januari]] [[2009]]
Baris 27:
| spouse = [[Michelle Obama]]
| relations =
| children = Malia Obama {{br}} Natasha Obama ANJING
| residence =
| alma_mater = [[Universitas Harvard]], 1992
Baris 48:
Ia kembali ke Honolulu untuk tinggal bersama kakek dan neneknya dan belajar di Sekolah Punahou sejak kelas lima tahun 1971 hingga lulus SMA pada 1979.<ref>{{cite news |first=Peter |last=Serafin |title=Punahou Grad Stirs Up Illinois Politics |date=2004-03-21 |url=http://starbulletin.com/2004/03/21/news/story4.html |work=Honolulu Star-Bulletin |accessdate=2008-04-13}} See also: Obama (1995), Chapters 3 and 4.</ref> Ibu Obama kembali ke Hawaii tahun 1972 selama beberapa tahun dan kemudian ke Indonesia untuk menyelesaikan kerja lapangan untuk [[disertasi]] [[Doctor of Philosophy|doktoral]]. Ia meninggal karena [[kanker rahim]] tahun 1995.<ref>{{cite news |first=Amanda |last=Ripley |title=The Story of Barack Obama's Mother |date=2008-04-09 |url=http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1729524,00.html |work=Time |accessdate=2008-06-24}} See also: {{cite news |first=Julia |last=Suryakusuma |title=Obama for President... of Indonesia |date=2006-11-29 |work=Jakarta Post |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/yesterdaydetail.asp?fileid=20061129.F03 |accessdate=2008-06-24}}</ref>Sebagai seorang dewasa, Obama mengakui bahwa ketika SMA ia menggunakan [[mariyuana]], [[kokain]], dan alkohol, yang ia jelaskan pada Forum Sipil Presiden 2008 sebagai kesalahan moralnya yang terbesar.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/08/16/warren.forum/ |title=Obama, McCain talk issues at pastor's forum - CNN.com |publisher=cnn.com |date=2008-08-17 |accessdate=2008-08-29}}{{cite web|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/10/24/news/dems.php |title=Barack Obama, asked about drug history, admits he inhaled |publisher=International Herald Tribune |date=2006-10-25 |accessdate=2008-08-31}}</ref>Setelah SMA, Obama pindah ke [[Los Angeles, California|Los Angeles]] lalu ia belajar di [[Perguruan Tinggi Occidental]] selama dua tahun.<ref>{{cite web |title=Oxy Remembers "Barry" Obama '83 |date=2007-01-29 |url=http://www.oxy.edu/x2526.xml |publisher=Occidental College |accessdate=2008-04-13}}</ref> Ia kemudian dipindahkan ke [[Perguruan Tinggi Universitas Columbia|Universitas Columbia]] di [[New York City]], dan kemudian ia lulus dalam bidang pengetahuan [[politik]] dengan kelebihan pada [[hubungan internasional]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.college.columbia.edu/cct_archive/jan05/cover.php |title=Barack Obama '83 |work=Columbia College Today |author=Boss-Bicak, Shira |date=January 2005 |accessdate=2008-06-09}}</ref> Obama lulus dengan [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] dari Columbia tahun 1983, kemudian bekerja selama setahun di Business International Corporation<ref>{{cite news |first=Sasha |last=Issenberg |title=Obama shows hints of his year in global finance: Tied markets to social aid |date=2008-08-06 |url=http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2008/08/06/obama_shows_hints_of_his_year_in_global_finance/?page=1 |work=Boston Globe |accessdate=2008-04-13}}</ref> dan kemudian di New York Public Interest Research Group.<ref name="Who's Who 2008">{{cite book |author=Chassie, Karen (ed.) |year=2007 |title=Who's Who in America, 2008 |url=http://www.marquiswhoswho.com/products/WAprodinfo.asp |location=New Providence, NJ |publisher=Marquis Who's Who |isbn=9780837970110 |page=p. 3468 |accessdate=2008-06-06}}{{cite news |first=Janny |last=Scott |title=Obama's Account of New York Years Often Differs from What Others Say |date=2007-10-30 |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/30/us/politics/30obama.html |work=The New York Times |accessdate=2008-04-13}} Obama (1995), pp. 133–140; Mendell (2007), pp. 62–63.</ref>
[[Berkas: Barack-obama ANJING-mother.jpg|thumb|left|200pix|Barack Obama dibesarkan oleh ibunya, Ann Dunham.]]Setelah empat tahun di New York City, Obama pindah ke [[Chicago]], lalu ia menjabat sebagai direktur Developing Communities Project (DCP), sebuah perkumpulan masyarakat berbasis gereja yang sebenarnya terdiri dari delapan paroki Katolik di [[South Side (Chicago)|South Side]], Chicago, dan bekerja di sana selama tiga tahun mulai Juni 1985 hingga Mei 1988.<ref name="Who's Who 2008"/><ref>{{cite news |author=Secter, Bob; McCormick, John |date=2007-03-30 |title=Portrait of a pragmatist |url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-0703300121mar30,1,6651421,full.story |work=Chicago Tribune |page=1 |accessdate=2008-06-06}} {{cite news |first=Ryan |last=Lizza |title=The Agitator: Barack Obama's Unlikely Political Education |format=alternate link |date=2007-03-19 |url=http://www.pickensdemocrats.org/info/TheAgitator_070319.htm |work=New Republic |accessdate=2008-04-13}} Obama (1995), pp. 140–295; Mendell (2007), pp. 63–83.</ref> Selama menjabat sebagai direktur DCP, stafnya bertambah dari satu menjadi tiga belas pendapatan per tahunnya meningkat dari $70.000 menjadi $400.000, dengan keberhasilan meliputi membantu membuat program pelatihan kerja, program pelatihan persiapan perguruan tinggi, dan organisasi hak penjual di [[Altgeld Gardens, Chicago|Altgeld Gardens]], Chicago.<ref>{{cite news |author=Matchan, Linda |date=1990-02-15 |title=A Law Review breakthrough |url=http://search.boston.com/local/Search.do?s.sm.query=&s.author=Linda+Matchan&s.tab=globe&s.si%28simplesearchinput%29.sortBy=-articleprintpublicationdate&docType=&date=&s.startDate=1990-02-15&s.endDate=1990-02-15 |format=paid archive |work=The Boston Globe |page=29 |accessdate=2008-06-06}} {{cite news |author=Corr, John |date=1990-02-27 |title=From mean streets to hallowed halls |url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?s_dispstring=Author(John%20Corr)%20AND%20date(02/27/1990)|format=paid archive |work=The Philadelphia Inquirer |page=C01 |accessdate=2008-06-15}}</ref> Obama juga bekerja sebagai konsultan dan instruktur untuk Gamaliel Foundation, sebuah institut perkumpulan masyarakat.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Obama, Barack |month=August–September |year=1988 |title=Why organize? Problems and promise in the inner city |journal=Illinois Issues |volume=14 |issue=8–9 |pages=40–42 |accessdate=2008-06-06}} reprinted in: {{cite book |year=1990 |pages=pp. 35–40 |author=Knoepfle, Peg (ed.) |title=After Alinsky: community organizing in Illinois |location=Springfield, IL |publisher=Sangamon State University |isbn=0962087335 |accessdate=2008-06-06}} {{cite news |author=Tayler, Letta; Herbert, Keith |date=2008-03-02 |title=Obama forged path as Chicago community organizer |url=http://www.newsday.com/news/printedition/nation/ny-usobam025598601mar02,0,7841545,full.story |work=Newsday |page=A06 |accessdate=2008-06-06}}</ref> Di pertengahan 1988, ia untuk pertama kalinya mengunjungi Eropa selama tiga minggu dan lima minggu di Kenya, dan ia banyak bertemu [[Keluarga Barack Obama#Hubungan|saudara Kenya]]-nya untuk pertama kalinya.<ref>Obama (1995), pp. 299–437.</ref>Obama masuk Sekolah Hukum [[Universitas Harvard]] pada 1988. Pada akhir tahun pertamanya, ia dipilih, menurut kelasnya dan kompetisi menulis, sebagai editor ''[[Harvard Law Review]]''.<ref name="Harvard Law 2007">{{cite news |author=Levenson, Michael; Saltzman, Jonathan |date=2007-01-28 |title=At Harvard Law, a unifying voice |url=http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2007/01/28/at_harvard_law_a_unifying_voice/?page=full |work=The Boston Globe |accessdate=2008-06-15}} {{cite news |author=Kantor, Jodi |date=2007-01-28 |title=In law school, Obama found political voice |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/28/us/politics/28obama.html?_r=1&pagewanted=all |work=The New York Times |page=1 |accessdate=2008-06-15}} {{cite news |author=Kodama, Marie C |date=2007-01-19 |title=Obama left mark on HLS |url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=516664 |work=The Harvard Crimson |accessdate=2008-06-15}} {{cite news |author=Mundy, Liza |title=A series of fortunate events |date=2007-08-12 |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/08/08/AR2007080802038_pf.html |work=The Washington Post |page=W10 |accessdate=2008-06-15}} {{cite journal |author=Heilemann, John |title=When they were young |date=2007-10-22 |url=http://www.printthis.clickability.com/pt/cpt?action=cpt&title=When+They+Were+Young&expire=&urlID=24417790&fb=Y&url=http%3A%2F%2Fnymag.com%2Fnews%2Ffeatures%2F39321%2F&partnerID=73272 |journal=New York |volume=40 |issue=37 |pages=32–7, 132–3 |accessdate=2008-06-15}} Mendell (2007), pp. 80–92.</ref> Bulan Februari 1990, di tahun keduanya, ia terpilih menjadi presiden ''Law Review'', sebuah posisi sukarela penuh waktu yang berguna sebagai pimpinan editor dan pemantau 80 editor ''Law Review''.<ref name="Harvard Law 1990"> {{cite news |author=Butterfield, Fox |date=1990-02-06|title=First black elected to head Harvard's Law Review |url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE2DC1631F935A35751C0A966958260 |work=The New York Times |page=A20 |accessdate=2008-06-15}} {{cite news |author=Ybarra, Michael J |date=1990-02-07 |title=Activist in Chicago now heads Harvard Law Review |url=http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/28797353.html?dids=28797353:28797353&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT |format=paid archive |work=Chicago Tribune |page=3 |accessdate=2008-06-15}} {{cite news |author=Matchan, Linda |date=1990-02-15 |title=A Law Review breakthrough |url=http://search.boston.com/local/Search.do?s.sm.query=&s.author=Linda+Matchan&s.tab=globe&s.si%28simplesearchinput%29.sortBy=-articleprintpublicationdate&docType=&date=&s.startDate=1990-02-15&s.endDate=1990-02-15 |format=paid archive |work=The Boston Globe |page=29 |accessdate=2008-06-15}} {{cite news |author=Corr, John |date=1990-02-27 |title=From mean streets to hallowed halls |url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?s_dispstring=Author(John%20Corr)%20AND%20date(02/27/1990)|format=paid archive |work=The Philadelphia Inquirer |page=C01 |accessdate=2008-06-15}} {{cite news |author=Drummond, Tammerlin |date=1990-03-12 |title=Barack Obama's Law; Harvard Law Review's first black president plans a life of public service |url=http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/60017156.html?dids=60017156:60017156&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT |format=paid archive |work=Los Angeles Times |page=E1 |accessdate=2008-06-15}} {{cite news |author=Pugh, Allison J. (Associated Press) |date=1990-04-18 |title=Law Review's first black president aims to help poor |url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?s_dispstring=Title(Law%20Review's%20first%20black%20president%20aims%20to%20help%20poor)|format=paid archive |work=The Miami Herald |page=C01 |accessdate=2008-06-15}}</ref> Pemilihan Obama sebagai presiden ''Law Review'' berkulit hitam pertama diketahui secara luas dan diikuti oleh beberapa profil yang panjang.<ref name="Harvard Law 1990"/> Pada musim panas, ia kembali ke Chicago untuk bekerja sebagai ''associate'' musim panas di firma hukum Sidley & Austin tahun 1989 dan Hopkins & Sutter tahun 1990.<ref>{{cite news |author=Aguilar, Louis |date=1990-07-11 |title=Survey: Law firms slow to add minority partners |url=http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/28774085.html?dids=28774085:28774085&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT |format=paid archive |work=Chicago Tribune |page=1 (Business)|accessdate=2008-06-15}}</ref> Setelah lulus dengan ''[[magna cum laude]]'' [[Juris Doctor]] (J.D.)<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/may/09/barackobama.uselections20081|title=Barack Obama|last=Adams|first=Richard|date=2007-05-09|publisher=The Guardian|accessdate=2008-10-26}}{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/973560/Barack-Obama|title=Barack Obama (American politician)|last=Mendell|first=David|accessdate=2008-10-26}}</ref> dari Harvard tahun 1991, ia kembali ke Chicago.<ref name="Harvard Law 2007"/>Publisitas dari pemilihannya sebagai presiden ''Harvard Law Review'' berkulit hitam pertama membawanya pada kontrak penerbitan dan pembuatan buku mengenai hubungan ras.<ref name="Scott 2008a"> {{cite news |author=Scott, Janny |date=2008-05-18 |title=The story of Obama, written by Obama |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/18/us/politics/18memoirs.html?pagewanted=all |work=The New York Times |page=1 |accessdate=2008-06-15}} Obama (1995), pp. xiii–xvii.</ref> Dalam usaha untuk merekrutnya ke fakultas mereka, Sekolah Hukum [[Universitas Chicago]] menyediakan Obama beasiswa dan kantor untuk membuat bukunya.<ref name="Scott 2008a"/> Ia awalnya berencana menyelesaikan buku tersebut dalam satu tahun, tapi ternyata membutuhkan waktu yang lebih lama setelah buku ini berubah menjadi memoir pribadi. Untuk bekerja tanpa gangguan, Obama dan istrinya, [[Michelle Obama|Michelle]], berlibur ke [[Bali]] dan ia menulis bukunya selama beberapa bulan. Manuskrip tersebut akhirnya diterbitkan pada pertengahan 1995 dengan judul ''[[Dreams from My Father]]''.<ref name="Scott 2008a"/>Obama memimpin Project Vote Illinois mulai April hingga Oktober 1992, dengan registrasi pemilih dnegan sepuluh staf dan tujuh ratus sukarelawan; tujuannya berhasil dengan mendaftarkan 150.000 dari 400.000 orang Afrika-Amerika di negara bagian itu, sehingaga ''Crain's Chicago Business'' menempatkan Obama dalam daftar "40 under Forty" tahun 1993.<ref name="Illinois Blue Book 2000">{{cite book |author=White, Jesse (ed.) |year=2000 |title=Illinois Blue Book, 2000, Millennium ed. |url=http://www.sos.state.il.us/bb/toc.html |location=Springfield, IL |publisher=Illinois Secretary of State |oclc=43923973 |page=p. 83 |accessdate=2008-06-06}}{{cite news |author=Jarrett, Vernon |date=1992-08-11 |title='Project Vote' brings power to the people |url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?s_dispstring=(Vernon%20Jarrett)%20AND%20date(8/11/1992) |work=Chicago Sun-Times |format=paid archive |page=23 |accessdate=2008-06-06}} {{cite journal |author=Reynolds, Gretchen |month=January |year=1993 |title=Vote of Confidence |url=http://www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/January-1993/Vote-of-Confidence |journal=[[Chicago (magazine)|Chicago]] |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=53–54 |accessdate=2008-06-06}} {{cite journal |author=Anderson, Veronica |month=September 27–October 3, |year=1993 |title=40 under Forty: Barack Obama, Director, Illinois Project Vote |journal=[[Crain Communications Inc.|Crain's Chicago Business]] |volume=16 |issue=39 |accessdate=2008-06-06 |pages=43}}</ref>
[[Berkas:Ann Dunham with father and children.jpg|thumb|right|Kanan ke kiri: Barack Obama dan [[Maya Soetoro]] dengan ibunya [[Ann Dunham]] dan kakeknya [[Madelyn dan Stanley Dunham|Stanley Dunham]] di Hawaii (awal 1970-an).]]Berawal tahun 1992, Obama mengajarkan [[hukum]] [[konstitusional]] di Sekolah Hukum [[Universitas Chicago]] selama dua belas tahun, menjadi yang pertama dikelompokkan sebagai Penceramah sejak 1992 hingga 1996, dan kemudian sebagai Penceramah Senior sejak 1996 hingga 2004.<ref>{{cite web |author=University of Chicago Law School |date=2008-03-27 |title=Statement regarding Barack Obama |publisher=University of Chicago Law School |url=http://www.law.uchicago.edu/media/index.html |accessdate=2008-06-10}} {{cite web |author=Miller, Joe |date=2008-03-28 |title=Was Barack Obama really a constitutional law professor?|publisher=FactCheck.org |url=http://www.factcheck.org/askfactcheck/was_barack_obama_really_a_constitutional_law.html |accessdate=2008-06-10}} {{cite web |author=Holan, Angie Drobnic |date=2008-03-07 |title=Obama's 20 years of experience |url=http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/article/2008/mar/07/obamas-20-years-experience |publisher=PolitiFact.com |accessdate=2008-06-10}}</ref>Ia juga, tahun 1993, bergabung dengan Davis, Miner, Barnhill & Galland, sebuah firma hukum dengan dua belas pengacara yang berpengalaman dalam litigasi hak-hak sipil dan pembangunan ekonomi masyarakat, dan ia adalah seorang ''associate'' selama tiga tahun sejak 1993 hingga 1996, kemudian ''of counsel'' mulai 1996 hingga 2004, dengan lisensi hukumnya berakhir tahun 2002.<ref name="Who's Who 2008"/><ref>{{cite news |author=Robinson, Mike (Associated Press) |date=2007-02-10 |title=Obama got start in civil rights practice |url=http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2007/02/20/obama_got_start_in_civil_rights_practice |work=The Boston Globe |accessdate=2008-06-15}} {{cite news |author=Pallasch, Abdon M |date=2007-12-17 |title=As lawyer, Obama was strong, silent type; He was 'smart, innovative, relentless,' and he mostly let other lawyers do the talking |url=http://www.suntimes.com/news/politics/obama/700499,CST-NWS-Obama-law17.article |work=Chicago Sun-Times |page=4 |accessdate=2008-06-15}} {{cite news |author= |date=1993-06-27 |title=People |url=http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/24302659.html?dids=24302659:24302659&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT |format=paid archive |work=Chicago Tribune |page=9 (Business) |accessdate=2008-06-15}}{{cite web |author=Miner, Barnhill & Galland |year=2008 |title=About Us |url=http://www.lawmbg.com/index.cfm/PageID/2711 |publisher=Miner, Barnhill & Galland – Chicago, Illinois |accessdate=2008-06-15}} Obama (1995), pp. 438–439, Mendell (2007), pp. 104–106.{{cite web |title=ARDC Individual Attorney Record of Public Registration and Public Disciplinary and Disability Information as of October 17, 2008 at 12:52:13 PM |url=https://www.iardc.org/ldetail.asp?id=595938384 |publisher=Attorney Registration and Disciplinary Commission of the Supreme Court of Illinois |accessdate=2008-10-19}}</ref>Obama adalah anggota pendiri dewan direktur Public Allies tahun 1992, mengundurkan diri sebelum istrinya, Michelle, menjadi direktor eksekutif pendiri Public Allies Chicago di awal 1993.<ref name="Who's Who 2008"/><ref>{{cite web |author=Public Allies |year=2008 |title=Fact Sheet on Public Allies' History with Senator Barack and Michelle Obama |url=http://www.publicallies.org/site/c.liKUL3PNLvF/b.3960231/ |publisher=[[Public Allies]] |accessdate=2008-06-06}}</ref> Ia menjabat dari 1993 hingga 3008 pada dewan direktur [[Woods Fund of Chicago]], yang pada 1985 telah menjadi yayasan pertama yang mendanai Developing Communities Project, dan juga sejak 1994 hingga 2002 pada dewan direktur The Joyce Foundation.<ref name="Who's Who 2008"/> Obama bekerja pada dewan direktur Chicago Annenberg Challenge pada 1995-2002, sebagai presiden pendiri dan pimpinan dewan direktur sejak 1995-1999.<ref name="Who's Who 2008"/> Ia juga bekerja pada dewan direktur Chicago Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law, Center for Neighborhood Technology, dan Lugenia Burns Hope Center.<ref name="Who's Who 2008"/>
== Legislator negara bagian ASU 1997-2004 ==
{{POV}}
Obama berhasil mengalahkan semua pesaingnya dari pemilihan dan muncul dalam pemilihan tanpa saingan. <ref> NPR and CNN references on article discussion page</ref> Ia kemudian dipilih sebagai [[Senat Illinois]] tahun 1996, menggantikan Alice Palmer sebagai Senator dari Distrik ke-13 Illinois, yang membentang [[South Side (Chicago)|South Side]], Chicago dari [[Hyde Park, Chicago|Hyde Park]]-[[Kenwood, Chicago|Kenwood]] ke selatan di [[South Shore, Chicago|South Shore]] dan barat ke [[Chicago Lawn, Chicago|Chicago Lawn]].<ref>{{cite news |first=David |last=Jackson |coauthors=Ray Long |title=Obama Knows His Way Around a Ballot |date=2007-04-03 |url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/chi-070403obama-ballot,1,57567.story |work=Chicago Tribune |accessdate=2008-01-14}}
Baris 71:
Pesaing Obama pada pemilihan umum, pemenang pendahuluan Republik Jack Ryan, mengundurkan diri pada Juni 2004.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ryan Drops Out of Senate Race in Illinois |date=2004-06-25 |url=http://www.cnn.com/2004/ALLPOLITICS/06/25/il.ryan/ |work=CNN |accessdate=2008-04-13}}</ref> Dua bulan kemudian dan kurang dari tiga bulan sebelum Hari Pemilihan, Alan Keyes menerima pencalonan Partai Republik Illinois untuk menggantikan Ryan.<ref>{{cite news |first=Maura Kelly |last=Lannan |title=Alan Keyes Enters U.S. Senate Race in Illinois Against Rising Democratic Star |date=2004-08-09 |publisher=Union-Tribune (San Diego) |url=http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/politics/20040809-0849-illinoissenate.html |work=Associated Press |accessdate=2008-04-13}}</ref> Seorang yang lama menetap di Maryland, Keyes menetapkan tempat tinggal permanennya di Illinois karena pencalonan.<ref>{{cite news |first=Ford |last=Liam |coauthors=David Mendell |title=Keyes Sets Up House in Cal City |date=2004-08-13 |url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/specials/elections/chi-0408130201aug13,1,7640082.story |work=Chicago Tribune |accessdate=2008-04-13}}</ref> Pada pemilihan umum November 2004, Obama menerima 70% suara, sementara Keyes 27%, kemenangan terbesar untuk persaingan negara bagian dalam sejarah Illinois.<ref>{{cite news |title=America Votes 2004: U.S. Senate / Illinois |url=http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2004/pages/results/states/IL/S/01/index.html |publisher=CNN |accessdate=2008-04-13}} {{cite news |first=Peter |last=Slevin |title=For Obama, a Handsome Payoff in Political Gambles |date=2007-11-13 |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/11/12/AR2007111201945.html |work=The Washington Post |accessdate=2008-04-13}}</ref>
== Senator
Obama disumpah sebagai senator pada 4 Januari 2005.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://obama.senate.gov/about/ |title=About Barack Obama |accessdate=2008-04-27 |publisher=Barack Obama U.S. Senate Office}}
</ref> Obama adalah Senator Afrika Amerika kelima dalam sejarah AS, dan yang ketiga yang dipilih melalui ''popular vote''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.senate.gov/pagelayout/history/h_multi_sections_and_teasers/Photo_Exhibit_African_American_Senators.htm |title=Breaking New Ground: African American Senators |publisher=U.S. Senate Historical Office |accessdate=2008-06-25}}
Baris 77:
</ref> ''Congressional Quarterly'', sebuah terbitan nonpartisan, menyebutnya sebagai "Demokrat setia" berdasarkan analisis seluruh suara Senat pada 2005-2007, dan ''National Journal'' menempatkannya sebagai senator "paling liberal" berdasarkan penelitian terhadap suara yang dipilih selama 2007. tahun 2005 ia menempati peringkat ke-16, dan pada 2006 di peringkat ke-10.<ref>{{cite news |first=David |last=Nather |title=The Space Between Clinton and Obama |date=2008-01-14 |url=http://public.cq.com/docs/cqw/weeklyreport110-000002654703.html |work=CQ Weekly |accessdate=2008-06-25}} See also: {{cite news |first=Tom |last=Curry |title=What Obama's Senate Votes Reveal |date=2008-02-21 |url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/23276453/ |work=MSNBC |accessdate=2008-06-25}}{{cite news |url=http://nj.nationaljournal.com/voteratings/|title=Obama: Most Liberal Senator In 2007 |work=National Journal |date=2008-01-31|accessdate=2008-06-25}}</ref> Tahun 2008, menurut Congress.org Obama adalah Senator terkuat ke-11.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.congress.org/congressorg/power_rankings/overall.tt |title=Power Rankings: Senate |author=KnowLegis |accessdate=2008-09-07}}</ref>
=== Undang-undang ASU ===
[[Berkas:Coburn and Obama discuss S. 2590.jpg|thumb|right|Sponsor undang-undang Senat, Tom Coburn (R-Okla.) dan Obama mendiskusikan Coburn–Obama Transparency Act.<ref>{{cite web |title=President Bush Signs Federal Funding Accountability and Transparency Act. |date=2006-09-26 |url=http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2006/09/20060926.html|publisher=White House|2008-04-27}}</ref>]]
Obama memberikan suaranya untuk ''Energy Policy Act of 2005'' dan mensponsori ''Secure America and Orderly Immigration Act''.<ref>{{cite web |first=109th Congress, 1st Session |last=U.S. Senate |title=S. 1033, Secure America and Orderly Immigration Act |date=2005-05-12 |url=http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d109:SN01033: |publisher=Thomas |accessdate=2008-04-27}}</ref> Bulan September 2006, Obama mendukung ''Secure Fence Act'' yang masih berhubungan.<ref>{{cite news |title=Latinos Upset Obama Voted for Border Fence |date=2006-11-20 |url=http://cbs2chicago.com/local/local_story_324192245.html |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070927231949/http://cbs2chicago.com/local/local_story_324192245.html |archivedate=2007-09-27 |work=CBS 2 (Chicago) |accessdate=2008-04-27}}</ref> Obama memperkenalkan dua inisiatif yang menggunakan namanya: Lugar-Obama, yang memperluas konsep ''Nunn–Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction'' terhadap senjata konvensional,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://obama.senate.gov/press/070111-lugar-obama_non/ |title=Lugar–Obama Nonproliferation Legislation Signed into Law by the President |date=2007-01-11 |publisher=Richard Lugar U.S. Senate Office |accessdate=2008-04-27}} See also: {{cite news |first=Richard G |last=Lugar |coauthors=Barack Obama |title=Junkyard Dogs of War |date=2005-12-03 |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/12/02/AR2005120201509.html |work=Washington Post |accessdate=2008-04-27}}</ref> dan ''Coburn–Obama Transparency Act'', yang mengawali pembuatan USAspending.gov, sebuah situs pencari untuk dana pengeluaran federal.<ref>{{cite news |first=John |last=McCormack |title=Google Government Gone Viral |date=2007-12-21 |url=http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/014/502njiqx.asp |work=Weekly Standard |accessdate=2008-04-27}} See also: {{cite web |title=President Bush Signs Coburn–Obama Transparency Act |date=2006-09-26 |url=http://coburn.senate.gov/ffm/index.cfm?FuseAction=LegislativeFloorAction.Home&ContentRecord_id=eb582f19-802a-23ad-41db-7a7cb464cfdb |publisher=Tom Coburn U.S. Senate Office |accessdate=2008-04-27}} and [http://www.USAspending.gov USAspending.gov]</ref> Tanggal 3 Juni 2008, Senator Obama, bersama Senator Thomas R. Carper, Tom Coburn, dan [[John McCain]], memperkenalkan ''Strengthening Transparency and Accountability in Federal Spending Act of 2008''.<ref>[http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bill.xpd?bill=s110-3077 S. 3077: Strengthening Transparency and Accountability in Federal Spending Act of 2008] ''Govtrack.us'', 2007-2008 (110th Congress)</ref>
Baris 95:
</ref>
Kampanye
</ref> Dampak donasi kecil ini sangat besar dari sudut pandang absoolut dan perspektif.<ref>{{cite news |first=Jeanne |last=Cummings |title=Small Donors Rewrite Fundraising Handbook |date=2007-09-26 |url=http://dyn.politico.com/printstory.cfm?uuid=3ECB3515-3048-5C12-004D622CB6F4E214 |work=Politico |accessdate=2008-01-14}}
</ref> Bulan Januari 2008, kampanyenya mencetak rekor penggalangan dana lainnya dengan $36.8 juta, jumlah terbanyak yang dikumpulkan dalam satu bulan oleh seorang calon presiden dalam kampanye pendahuluan Demokrat.<ref>{{cite news |first=Emily |last=Cadei |title=Obama Outshines Other Candidates in January Fundraising |date=2008-02-21 |url=http://www.cqpolitics.com/wmspage.cfm?docID=news-000002674309 |work=CQ Politics |accessdate=2008-02-24}}
</ref>
Pada [[Kampanye presiden pendahuluan Partai Demokrat (Amerika Serikat) 2008#Januari|persaingan Konvensi Nasional Demokrat]] Januari 2008, Obama ANJING seri dengan [[Hillary Rodham Clinton|Hillary Clinton]] untuk jumlah delegasi dalam pemilihan pendahuluan [[New Hampshire]] dan memenangkan lebih banyak delegasi daripada Clinton pada pemilihan dan kaukus di [[Iowa]], [[Nevada]] dan [[South Carolina]]. Pada ''[[Super Tuesday]]'', ia menang dengan 20 delegasi lebih banyak dari Clinton.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.realclearpolitics.com/epolls/2008/president/democratic_delegate_count.html |title=2008 Democratic Delegates |work=RealClearPolitics |accessdate=2008-03-25}}</ref> Ia kemudian mencetak rekor penggalangan dana lainnya dalam dua bulan pertama 2008, senilai $90 juta untuk kampanye pendahuluan dibanding Clinton senilai $45 juta.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.latimes.com/news/printedition/asection/la-na-money7mar07,1,5383518.story |title=Obama sets fundraising record with $55 million |work=Los Angeles Times |author=Dan Morain |date=2008-03-07 |accessdate=2008-03-18}}
</ref> Setelah Super Tuesday, Obama memenangkan sebelas pendahuluan dan kaukus Februari yang tersisa.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/02/21/make-that-11-for-obama/ |title=Make That 11 for Obama |author=Brian Knowlton |work=The New York Times |date=2008-02-21 |accessdate=2008-03-18}}
</ref> Obama dan Clinton seri dalam persaingan 4 Maret di [[Vermont]], [[Texas]], [[Ohio]], dan [[Rhode Island]]; Obama menutup bulan itu dengan menang di [[Wyoming]] dan [[Mississippi]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://edition.cnn.com/ELECTION/2008/primaries/results/dates/index.html#val=20080304 |title=Results: March 4 - Multi-State Events |publisher=CNN |date=2008-03-04 |accessdate=2008-03-04}}
Baris 143:
Bulan Desember 2005, di kolom opini ''Washington Post'', dan kampanye koalisi ''Save Darfur'' pada April 2006, Obama meminta aksi yang lebih keras untuk menentang [[genosida]] di [[Konflik Darfur|Darfur]], [[Sudan]].<ref>{{cite news |first=Barack |last=Obama |coauthors=Sam Brownback |title=Policy Adrift on Darfur |date=2005-12-27 |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/12/26/AR2005122600547.html |work=The Washington Post |accessdate=2008-01-14}} {{cite news |first=Jim |last=Doyle |title=Tens of Thousands Rally for Darfur |date=2006-05-01 |url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2006/05/01/MNGFBIIFOA1.DTL |work=San Francisco Chronicle |accessdate=2008-01-14}}</ref> Ia telah mendivestasikan $180.000 milik pribadi dalam bentuk saham di Sudan, dan telah melakukan [[divestasi]] dari perusahaan yang beroperasi di Iran.<ref>{{cite news |first=Jim (Associated Press) |last=Kuhnhenn |title=Giuliani, Edwards Have Sudan Holdings |date=2007-05-17 |work=San Francisco Chronicle |url=http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/n/a/2007/05/17/politics/p171906D95.DTL |accessdate=2008-01-14}}; {{cite news |first=Barack |last=Obama |title=Hit Iran Where It Hurts |date=2007-08-30 |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/opinions/2007/08/30/2007-08-30_hit_iran_where_it_hurts.html |work=New York Daily News |accessdate=2008-01-14}}</ref> Dalam ''Foreign Affairs'' keluaran Juli-Agustus 2007, Obama mengumumkan pembelajaran kebijakan [[luar negeri]] setelah Perang Irak dan pembaruan militer Amerika, kepemimpinan diplomatik dan moral di dunia. Mengatakan "kami tak dapat mundur dari dunia ataupun mencoba memecahnya menjadi beberapa bagian," katanya kepada orang Amerika untuk "memimpin dunia, menurut keyakinan dan percontohan."<ref>{{cite journal |first=Barack |last=Obama |title=Renewing American Leadership |date=July–August 2007 |volume=86 |issue=4 |url=http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20070701faessay86401/barack-obama/renewing-american-leadership.html |journal=Foreign Affairs |accessdate=2008-01-14}}</ref>
ANIJNG AS OBAMA TAI
Mengenai urusan ekonomi, pada April 2005, ia mempertahankan kebijakan kesejahteraan sosial [[New Deal]] oleh [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] dan menetapkan keanggotaan pribadi untuk ''[[Social Security]]''.<ref>{{cite news |first=Ben A |last=Franklin |title=The Fifth Black Senator in U.S. History Makes F.D.R. His Icon |date=2005-06-01 |url=http://www.washingtonspectator.com/articles/20050601obama_1.cfm |work=Washington Spectator |accessdate=2008-01-14 |}}</ref> Setelah [[Badai Katrina]], Obama berpidato menentang perlakuan pemerintah terhadap masyarakat kelas ekonomi berkembang, meminta kedua partai politik mengambil langkah untuk mengembalikan jaring keselamatan sosial bagi orang miskin.<ref>{{cite news |first=Jeff |last=Zeleny |title=Judicious Obama Turns Up Volume |date=2005-09-12 |url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-0509120140sep12,0,5564730.story |work=Chicago Tribune |accessdate=2008-01-14}}</ref> Sebelum mengumumkan kampanye presidennya, Obama mengatakan ia mendukung perawatan kesehatan universal di Amerika Serikat.<ref>{{cite news |first=Nedra |last=Pickler |title=Obama Calls for Universal Health Care within Six Years |date=2007-01-25 |publisher=Associated Press via ''Union-Tribune'' (San Diego) |url=http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/politics/20070125-1240-democrats-healthcare.html |accessdate=2008-01-14}}</ref> Obama berencana memberi penghargaan pada guru karena jasanya dari sistem ''merit pay'' tradisional, menjamin persatuan bahwa perubahan dapat dilakukan melalui proses penawaran kolektif.<ref>{{cite news |first=Teddy |last=Davis |coauthors=Sunlen Miller |title=Obama Bucks Party Line on Education |date=2007-11-20 |url=http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/Story?id=3894699 |publisher=ABC News |accessdate=2008-01-14}}</ref>
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